Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals…

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a…

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains…

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to…

Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically…

Plant tissue culture is widely used in both primary and applied science. Applications range from plant development studies to functional gene…

Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This…

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any…

An experimental design mimicking natural plant-microbe interactions is very important to delineate the complex plant-microbe signaling processes.…

The Direct PCR approach facilitates PCR amplification directly from small amounts of unpurified samples, and is demonstrated here for several plant…