Waiting
Login processing...

Trial ends in Request Full Access Tell Your Colleague About Jove
JoVE Science Education
Immunology

A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.

Immunoprecipitation-Based Techniques: Purification of Endogenous Proteins Using Agarose Beads
Science Education (Immunology)
Immunoprecipitation-Based Techniques: Purification of Endogenous Proteins Using Agarose Beads
Antibody Generation: Producing Monoclonal Antibodies Using Hybridomas
Science Education (Immunology)
Antibody Generation: Producing Monoclonal Antibodies Using Hybridomas
 
Automatic Translation
Add to Playlist

Assay for Cell Death: Chromium Release Assay of Cytotoxic Ability

Automatic Translation

Overview

Source: Frances V. Sjaastad1,2, Whitney Swanson2,3, and Thomas S. Griffith1,2,3,4
1 Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
2 Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
3 Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
4 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455

One of the main functions of the cells of the immune system is to remove target cells that have been infected with viruses or have undergone transformation into a tumor cell. In vitro assays for measuring the cytotoxic capacity of immune cells have been a staple in laboratories for many years. These assays have been used to determine the ability of T cells, NK cells, or any other immune cell to kill target cells in an antigen-specific or -nonspecific manner. Death ligands (e.g., Fas ligand or TRAIL), cytokines (e.g., IFNg or TNF), or cytotoxic granules (i.e., perforin/granzyme B) expressed by effector cells are some ways in which target cell death can be induced. With the explosion in tumor immunotherapy research in recent years, there is growing interest in finding agents to increase the cytotoxic activity of immune cells to improve patient outcomes. Conversely, some diseases are hallmarked by the overexuberant activity of immune cell cytotoxic activity, resulting in efforts to identify agents to temper these responses. Thus, having an assay in which the user can easily integrate any number of different effector cells, target cells, and/or response modifiers into the experimental design can serve as a valuable means of quickly assessing the cytotoxic capacity of effector cells and/or the responsiveness of the target cell.

These in vitro assays involve the mixing of different cell populations, as well as using a relatively low number of both effector and target cells. Thus, one necessity of the assay is to label the target cells in a manner that can easily be detected and quantitated, allowing the user to then determine the 'percent specific lysis' mediated by the effector cells. Radioactivity - especially, chromium 51 (51Cr) in the form of Na251CrO4- is an inexpensive way to rapidly and nonspecifically label cellular proteins within the target cells (1). The short labeling and total assay times reduces the potential for significant changes in the number and/or phenotype of the target cells, which could influence the outcome of the assay. Upon the loss of membrane integrity of the target cells as a result of the cytotoxic activity of the effector cells, the 51Cr-labelled cellular proteins within the target cells are released into the culture supernatant, becoming available for quantitation. As with any assay examining the function of immune cells in vitro, there are a number of important considerations to consider improving the performance of the experiment. One of the most critical features is to use healthy effector (for maximal cytotoxic activity) and target (for maximal responsiveness and minimal spontaneous death/51Cr release) cells. Effector and target cell contact is required (leading to the common use of round-bottom 96-well plates to encourage cell-cell contact) (2). Finally, data analysis is dependent on the inclusion of positive and negative control target cell populations.

The following protocol will outline the steps for performing a standard 51Cr release assay to measure the cytotoxic ability of a population of effector cells, though a nonradioactive version using Europium has recently been developed. 51Cr is a powerful γ-radiation emitter. Consequently, the use of this assay requires proper radiation safety training, dedicated laboratory space, a gamma counter, and disposal of radioactive samples.

The general sequence of events in this assay are: 1) prepare 51Cr-labeled targets; 2) prepare effector cells and add to plate while target cells are labeling; 3) add labeled targets to plate; 4) incubate plate; 5) harvest supernatants; and 6) analyze data after running samples on counter. Samples are commonly prepared in triplicate, and then averaged to account for any subtle pipetting differences.

Proper PPE is important for this assay. Specifically, the user should wear a lab coat and gloves. Safety glasses may be required based on the laboratory or institution. There should be ample lead shielding for safe storage and use of the 51Cr during all steps. Finally, there should be dedicated lab space and equipment set aside for using 51Cr, including all the proper signage to indicate where samples with 51Cr are being kept and a Geiger counter equipped with gamma probe to survey the space for possible contamination.

In this lab exercise, we will determine the ability human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), (CpG stimulated vs. unstimulated) to kill melanoma cells, using human melanoma cell line WM793 as model and the chromium release assay.

Procedure

Procedure Overview

The typical 51Cr-release assay for measuring cell death involves the following steps:

  1. First, the target cells are labeled with Na2[51Cr]O4. This distinguishes them from the effector cells in the assay.
  2. While the target cells are labeling, the effector cells are collected and, using the serial dilution technique, a decreasing titration of the effector cells is generated in a round bottom 96-well assay plate.
  3. At the end of the target cell labelling, the cells are first washed and then a fixed number of cells are added to the assay plate that already contains a series of effector cells dilutions.
  4. Next, the target-effector cell mix is incubated for a defined period of time to allow for sufficient cell interaction with the target cells, to mediate cell lysis.
  5. Finally, the culture supernatants are harvested and collected into tubes. The 51Cr amount is quantitated using a gamma counter.
  6. At the end, the data is collected and used to calculate the "percentage specific cell lysis" of the target cells.

1. Labeling Target Cells with 51Cr

  1. To begin, prepare the target cells, (here- human melanoma cell line WM793), into a single cell suspension.
  2. To do this, first remove the media from the tissue culture flask.
  3. Then, wash the cells with 5 mL of 1X PBS.
  4. Trypsinize the cells by adding 1 mL of trypsin to the plate for ~2 min.
  5. Gently tap the flask to loosen the cells from the flask surface.
  6. Add 5 mL of RPMI media to the flask and pipet the media up and down to detach the cells.
  7. Collect the cell suspension into a 15 mL conical tube and centrifuge the cell suspension for 5 min at 1200 rpm. Decant the supernatant.
  8. Add 10 mL of media to the pellet and gently pipet the media up and down to bring the cells into suspension.
  9. Determine the cell concentration using a hemocytometer.
  10. Transfer 1x106 cells into a new 15 mL conical tube.
  11. Centrifuge the cell suspension for 5 min at 1200 rpm and decant the supernatant.
  12. Briefly vortex the tube to resuspend the cell pellet in the small volume of medium left behind.
  13. Add 100 µCi of 51Cr directly to the WM793 target cell suspension.
    Note: There should be a dedicated lab space set up for the particular radioactivity. In addition, there should be ample lead shielding for safe storage and use of the 51Cr during all steps as well as proper signage to indicate where samples with 51Cr are being kept. A Geiger counter equipped with a pancake probe is also necessary, for surveying the space for possible contamination.
  14. Add a small piece of radioactive tape to the tube to indicate that the tube is now radioactive.
  15. Place the tube in a 37°C incubator with a lead shield and incubate for 1 h. Flick the tube every 15-20 minutes to increase target cell uptake of the chromium.
  16. After the incubation period, wash the target cells with 5 mL of FBS to remove any excess 51Cr.
  17. Centrifuge the cells at 1200 rpm for 5 min. Decant radioactive FBS wash into appropriate waste container.
  18. Resuspend the pellet and wash a second time with FBS. Check the pellet for incorporated radioactivity using a Geiger counter.
  19. Resuspend the pellet in 10 mL complete medium, achieving a cell concentration of 105 cell/mL.
    Note:The cell counting step after the 51Cr labelling is omitted here largely for the safety reasons. It can be assumed that the WM793 cell concentration is same as it was prior to the 51Cr labelling.

2. Preparing Effector Cells

  1. A variety of effector cells can be used, such as, human or mouse T cells and NK cells. In this example, PBMCs, isolated from whole blood by standard density gradient centrifugation (to a concentration of 5x106), were used.
  2. To begin, add 100 µL of tissue culture medium to every well of one of the rows (here row A, See Table 1) of a 96-well round-bottom plate. Here, no effector cells are added, and they will serve as the 'blank' for determining the "minimum/spontaneous 51Cr release" from the target cells.

Figure 1
Table 1: 51Cr release assay layout: Row A- Target cells (104 cells/ 100 µL) incubated with media only (generates 'blank' for determining the "minimum/spontaneous 51Cr release"). Rows B to C- wells containing different effector: target cell (E:T) ratios, ranging from 50:1 to 1.5:1. Row H- target cells (104 cells/100 µL) incubated with 1% NP-40 (NP-40 lyses the target cells, generating "maximum or total 51Cr release"). Every E:T ratio is tested in triplicate for every experimental condition. Column 1-3- unstimulated PBMCs and column 4-6- CpG-stimulated PBMCs.

  1. Next, generate a 2X serial cell dilution of the PBMCs (in triplicate for each experimental condition), to obtain an effector cell concentration ranging from 5x105 to 15,625 cells/100 µL of media (here rows B to G).
    Note: In this example, the starting effector: target cell (E: T) ratio is be 50:1. However, this ratio can be adjusted depending on the experimental specifics.
  2. Leave the last row empty (here row H) by not adding any effector cells to these wells. (This row will be used to generate the "total counts/min, or (c. p. m)" or the "maximum 51Cr release").
  3. Place the plate into 37°C incubator until the target cells are ready to be added.

3. Adding 51Cr Labeled WM793 Target Cells to the Assay

  1. After the incubation period, remove the target cells from the incubator and wash with 5 mL of FBS to remove any excess 51Cr.
  2. Centrifuge the cells at 1200 rpm for 5 min, using a designated centrifuge.
  3. Remove the FBS wash (radioactive supernatant) into an appropriate waste container.
  4. Repeat the wash step by resuspending the pellet in a fresh 5 mL of FBS.
  5. Centrifuge the cells again at 1200 rpm for 5 min.
  6. Finally, resuspend the pellet in 10 mL of complete medium.
  7. Pour the 51Cr-labelled WM793 cell suspension (105 cells/mL) into a disposable reagent reservoir.
  8. Then, add 100 μL of these labeled target cells, to each well of the 96-well effector cell plate, using a multi-channel pipette.
  9. Next, add 100 μL of 1% NP-40 (in water) to the row of wells that are devoid of any effector cells (here row H). 1% NP-40 will lyse the target cells, and thus these wells will serve as controls to determine the "total counts/min, or (c. p. m)" or the maximum 51Cr release.
  10. Secure lid to plate by adding a small piece of gas-permeable tape to each side of the plate and place a piece of radioactive tape on the lid to indicate it contains 51Cr.
  11. Briefly, centrifuge the plate at 1200 rpm. If only one experimental plate is being used, add a balance plate to the centrifuge.
    Note: It is important to use a centrifuge marked to handle radioactive samples.
  12. Remove the plate from the centrifuge.
  13. Place the plate in a 37°C incubator with a small piece of lead shielding over the plate for additional safety. Incubate for 16 h to allow for target cell lysis.
    Note: The incubation period can vary from 4 to 18 h depending on the effector cells used and potential mechanism of killing employed.

4. Harvesting the Supernatants

  1. At the end of the incubation period, carefully remove the tape around the edge of the plate and remove the lid.
  2. Next, place the harvesting frame on the plate, making sure to confirm that the small filter discs are in place for each of the cotton plugs. This will ensure the collection of a cell-free supernatant.
  3. Now, slowly and gently press the cotton plugs into the wells.
  4. After approximately 10 seconds, release the pressure on the cotton plugs and then transfer the cotton plugs to tube strips.
  5. Place each of these tubes into a secondary FACS tube.
  6. Finally, load FACS tubes onto gamma counter and run the samples to quantitate the amount of 51Cr released in each condition. Samples are typically measured for 1 minute, allowing for an easy determination of the "counts/minute".
  7. Carefully, record the order in which the tubes were loaded into the counter.

5. Data Analysis

  1. Here, unstimulated PBMCs were added to the first three columns, and CpG-stimulated PBMCs (CpG ODN, (1 µg/mL) for 24 h) were added to columns 4-6. See Table 2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A 1251 1157 1086 917 1118 1140
B 1832 1986 1971 7629 7913 8180
C 1677 1739 1428 5454 5055 5268
D 1638 1552 1734 4239 3582 3786
E 1658 1580 1339 2818 2623 2750
F 1579 1472 1483 2028 1779 1769
G 1326 1325 1184 1801 1654 1565
H 9220 9367 8067 8774 9647 8236
I Average of A1,A2,A3 -> 1164.67 Spontaneous c.p.m 1058.33
J Average of B1,B2,B3 -> 1929.67 9.91% 7907.33 87.50% 50:1
K Average of C1,C2,C3 -> 1614.67 5.83% 5259 53.67% 25:1
L Average of D1,D2,D3 -> 1641.33 6.17% 3869 35.91% 12.5:1
M Average of E1,E2,E3 -> 1525.67 4.68% 2730.33 21.36% 6.25:1
N Average of F1,F2,F3 -> 1511.33 4.49% 1858.67 10.22% 3.12:1
O Average of G1,G2,G3 -> 1278.33 1.47% 1673.33 7.86% 1.56:1
P Average of H1,H2,H3 -> 8884.67 Maximum c.p.m 8885.67
Unstim PBMC CpG-stim PBMC E:T ratio

Table 2: 51Cr release assay data: 'Counts per minute' / 'c. p. m' data values, average c. p. m values, and calculated percent specific lysis values.

  1. The collected data (counts per minute, i.e. c.p.m) were entered into the cells of a spreadsheet in the same manner as the samples were laid out in the original plate.
  2. First, the averages of the triplicates were calculated. Table 2 - cells I3 to P3, for unstimulated PBMCs and cells I6 to P6, for CpG-stimulated PBMCs.
  3. Once the averages were determined, the percent of specific lysis for each condition was calculated using the following formula-

  4. The percent of specific lysis was calculated for each condition (Table 2 - cells J4 to O4, for unstimulated PBMCs and J7 to O7, for unstimulated PBMCs).

In this video you will observe how to perform the chromium release assay and determine the cytotoxic potential of the effector cells.

Immune cells are responsible for identifying and removing potentially harmful cells, like cancer or virus-infected cells, from the body, which is an integral part of the immune response. Several immune cells, like T-cells and NK cells, possess a property known as cytotoxic potential, which is the ability to identify target cells and secrete proteins that induce protein degradation, lysis, and death of those target cells. Quantifying cytotoxic potential is critical for measuring immune cell activation and potency, and the chromium release assay is commonly used for this purpose.

This method enables users to compare cytoxicity induced by specific types of immune cells under different conditions, which is valuable for studying cancer immunotherapy and immunity related diseases. To begin, the target cells, like cancer cells, are incubated with a radioactive isotope, chromium 51, which is taken up by the cells. Next, these radio labeled cells are co-cultured with the isolated immune cells of interest, also called the effector cells, in a round bottom, 96- well plate to facilitate interaction between the two cell types.

The overall setup of the assay involves incubating a specific number of target cells with different concentrations of the immune cells, along with appropriate controls. The co-culture allows the effector cells to induce apoptosis and lysis in the target cells, resulting in the release of the intracellular chromium 51 into the supernatant. Then, at a preoptimized time point, the supernatant containing the released chromium is harvested from all the wells. The chromium 51, being radioactive, spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay to emit gamma radiation. The gamma radiation levels in the supernatants from all the wells in the assay plate represent a quantifiable output of the lysis of the target cells. This is measured using a gamma counter, which is then used to determine the cytotoxic potential of the immune cells.

To begin, the target cells, human melanoma cell line WM793 in this example, are prepared into a single cell suspension. To do this, first remove the media from the tissue culture flask and wash the cells with five milliliters of 1X PBS. Decant the PBS and then add one milliliter of trypsin to the plate for approximately two minutes. Gently tap the flask to loosen the cells from the flask surface and then add five milliliters of RPMI media to the flask. Pipette the media up and down to collect the cells and add this suspension to a 15 milliliter conical tube.

Place the tube in the centrifuge for five minutes at 1200 RPM. Next, remove the media from the tube making sure not to disrupt the cell pellet. Gently flick the bottom of the tube to disrupt the cell pellet and add 10 milliliters of media to the tube. Then, gently pipette the media up and down to bring the cells into suspension. Next, determine the cell concentration using a hemocytometer and transfer two milliliters of the original cell suspension to a new 15 milliliter conical tube. Place the tube into a centrifuge and pellet the cells at 12 hundred RPM for five minutes. After centrifugation, pour the excess media out of the tube into a waste container. Briefly vortex the tube to resuspend the cell pellet in the small volume of medium left behind.

Next, prepare to use Chromium 51 by moving to a lab space dedicated for this particular radioactivity. There should be ample lead shielding for safe storage and use of the Chromium 51 during all steps, as well as proper signage to indicate where samples with Chromium 51 are being kept. A Geiger counter equipped with a pancake probe is also necessary to serve in the space for possible contamination.

Once set up for the proper use of radioactivity, add 100 microcuries of Chromium 51 directly to the target cell suspension. Then, add a small piece of radioactive tape to the tube to indicate that the sample and tube are now radioactive. Place the tube in a 37 degree celsius incubator with a lead shield and incubate for an hour, flicking the tube every 15 to 20 minutes.

While the target cells are labeling, prepare a single cell suspension of effector cells. In this example, human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells, or PDMCs, were isolated from whole blood by standard density gradient centrifugation to a concentration of 5 times 10 to the 6th. Transfer this effector cell suspension into a disposable reagent reservoir and then add 200 microliters of this suspension into each well of row B in a 96-well round-bottom plate. Next, add 100 microliters of RPMI to each well in row C through G of the plate.

Now, begin performing serial dilutions of the PBMCs to have a range of effector cell numbers by first removing 100 microliters of the cells in the wells in row B and adding this to row C. Then, further dilute the effector cells by transferring 100 microliters of cells from row C to row D. Continue the serial dilution. Once row G is reached, move 100 microliters from the wells to leave a final volume of 100 microliters in each well in that row. Next, add 100 microliters of tissue culture medium to the wells in row A to serve as a control for the spontaneous release of Chromium 51 from the target cells, as no effector cells should be added to this row. Then, place a plate into a 37 degree celsius incubator until the target cells are ready to be added.

After the incubation period, remove the target cells from the incubator and wash with 5 milliliters of FBS to remove any excess Chromium 51. Then, place the tube in a designated centrifuge and spin at 1200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove the radioactive FBS wash into an appropriate waste container and repeat the wash step by resuspending the pellet in a fresh 5 milliliters of FBS. Place the tube in a designated centrifuge and spin the cells again at 1200 rpm for 5 minutes. Remove the second wash and check the pellet for incorporated radioactivity using a Geiger counter. Finally, Resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of complete medium and pour the Chromium 51 labeled, target cell suspension into a disposable reagent reservoir. Then, add 100 microliters of these labeled target cells to every well of the 96-well effector cell plate. Next, add 100 microliters of 1% NP-40 in water to the wells in row H to lyse all the target cells this each row. These wells will be used as a control to determine the total counts per minute, or cpm.

Now that the plate is prepared, secure the lid by adding a small piece of tape to the each side of the plate and place a piece of radioactive tape on the lid to indicate it contains chromium 51. Then, place the plate in a centrifuge marked to handle radioactive samples. If only one experimental plate is being used, add a balance plate to the centrifuge. Set the centrifuge to 1200 rpm, and bring the plate up to speed. Once at the speed, stop the machine. Remove the plate from the centrifuge. Then, place the plate in a 37 degree celsius incubator with a small piece of lead shielding over the plate for additional safety. Incubate for 16 hours to allow the target cells to lyse.

At the end of the incubation period, carefully remove the tape around the edge of the plate, and remove the lid. Next, place the harvesting frame on the plate making sure to confirm the small filter discs are in place for each of the cotton plugs. Now, slowly and gently press the cotton plugs into the wells. After approximately ten seconds, release the pressure on the cotton plugs, and then transfer the cotton plugs to tube strips. Place each of these tubes into a secondary FACS tube. Finally, load the FACS tubes onto a gamma counter and run the samples to quantitate the amount of chromium 51 released in each condition. Carefully record the order in which the tubes were loaded into the counter.

Here, unstimulated PBMCs were added to the first 3 lanes and CPG stimulated PMBCs were added to lanes 4 through 6. In this example, the counts per minute were entered into the cells of a spreadsheet in the same manner as the samples were laid out in the original plate and the averages of the triplicates were calculated. For example, for the first condition, cells A1, A2, and A3 were averaged in cell I3. Once the averages are determined, the percent of specific lysis for each condition can be calculated using this formula. For example, to calculate the percent specific lysis for the unstimulated cells that had a ratio of 50 to 1 effector cells to target cells the spontaneous CPM, which in this example, is 1164.67, was subtracted from the experimental CPM, 1129. 67. This number can then be divided by the difference between the maximum CPM and the spontaneous CPM, and then multiplied by 100 to give the percent specific lysis. This is then calculated for each condition. These data can then be graphed to show comparison of the E to T ratio with the percent specific lysis for both the unstimulated PBMCs, and the CPG stimulated PBMCs. In this example, effector cells stimulated with CPG more effectively killed target cells as the ratio of effector cells to target cells increased. This increase was not observed in the unstimulated PBMCs, indicating that CPG stimulation is necessary for the observed increase in target cell lysis.

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

Results

In this example, effector cells stimulated with CpG (Figure 1, black circles) killed the target cells more effectively, as the ratio of effector cells to target cells increased. This increase was not observed in the unstimulated PBMCs (white circles), indicating that CpG stimulation is necessary for the observed increase in target cell lysis.

Figure 1
Figure 1: 51Cr assay scatter plot: Tumoricidal activity by human PBMCs, unstimulated (white circles) and after stimulation with CpG (black circles), tested at different effector: target cell ratios (E: T) ratios (ranging from. 50:1 to 1.5:1).

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

Applications and Summary

The assay described here has considerable flexibility, as a variety of effector and target cells can be used depending on the question being asked. For example, effector cell specificity can be determined by using different target cells or the mechanism of effector cell killing can be determined by using cells deficient in specific proteins or using protein specific inhibitors. A major problem with the 51Cr release assay is the potential for a high spontaneous release rates by the target cells. When cultured alone (without effector cells), the spontaneous release of 51Cr by the target cells should ideally be no more than 30% of the total ("maximal") release by the target cells immediately lysis. Higher spontaneous release rates may be due to using unhealthy target cells, either due to poor health (e.g., extended culture of a cell line) or an overly long labelling period.

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

References

  1. Brunner, K. T., Mauel, J., Cerottini, J. C. and Chapuis. B. Quantitative assay of the lytic action of immune lymphoid cells on 51Cr-labelled allogeneic target cells in vitro; inhibition by isoantibody and by drugs. Immunology, 14 (2):181-196, (1968).
  2. Kemp, T. J., B. D. Elzey, and T. S. Griffith. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived IFN-alpha induces TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo-2L-mediated antitumor activity by human monocytes following CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation. The Journal of Immunology, 171 (1): 212-218, (2003).

Transcript

Tags

Assay For Cell Death Chromium Release Assay Cytotoxic Ability Immune Cells Cytotoxic Potential Target Cells Immune Cell Activation Potency Chromium 51 Co-culture Round Bottom Plate 96-well Plate Concentration Controls

Get cutting-edge science videos from JoVE sent straight to your inbox every month.

Waiting X
Simple Hit Counter