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肾脏过滤血液
一天几次，通过一个多步骤的过程
主要在肾元，这个主要的功能单位中进行
从肾小体开始
水和大多数溶质
被肾小球中的毛细血管过滤
到包围着的鲍曼氏囊中
血管中的压力迫使滤液
进入肾小囊
在近曲小管
或称PCT中，一些溶质被重新吸收
到毛细血管中，这取决于血液化学成分
比如葡萄糖，碳酸氢盐和氨基酸
当滤液顺着亨耳氏环下降时，更多的水
通过水通道蛋白形成的通道被再次吸收进血液中
这使血液体积和压力增加
在滤液上升过程中
钠离子和氯离子也被重新吸收
当滤液到达远曲小管
或称DCT时，更多的废物如血液中的肌酐和尿素等
会被析出
钾、氨和氢离子也被移除
以帮助调节血液pH值和电解质含量
最后的溶质和水的调节
发生在收集管中，它随后将滤液转移
在肾盂中汇合净化为尿液
离开肾脏后
尿液进入膀胱并被排出体外
肾脏的功能是过滤，重吸收，分泌和排泄。每天肾脏过滤掉近180升血液，最初去除水和溶质，但最终在渗透调节激素的帮助下将几乎所有的滤液回流到循环中。该过程可去除废物和毒素，但对维持水和电解质水平也至关重要。这些功能中的大多数都是由肾脏中包含的微小但众多的肾单位完成的。
来自小体的滤液空泡进入近曲小管和Hele环的下降部分。在这里，将近70%的溶质（盐、葡萄糖、氨基酸和碳酸氢盐）被重新吸收到周围的毛细血管中。参与渗透调节的循环血激素可诱导钠、钙或更多水的再吸收，以增加或降低血压和调节电解质。
血管的分泌物会将血液中残留的废物转移到肾单位的远曲小管中。含氮废物，如肌酐和尿素，以及钾和铵离子的分泌。为了调节血液的pH值，氢和碳酸氢根离子也可以进入远端小管。从这里剩余的滤液或尿液被肾盂收集，通过输尿管从肾脏排出。
在冬眠的动物中，如熊和松鼠，在没有食物或水被摄入的时期，尿液的产生会减少或完全停止以保持水分。在低温状态下，肾血管收缩，阻止血液进入肾小球。这会停止肾功能，直到动物从冬眠中苏醒过来。
Zhuo, Jia L., and Xiao C. Li. “Proximal Nephron.” Comprehensive Physiology 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 1079–1123. [Source]
Jani, Alkesh, Sandra L. Martin, Swati Jain, Daniel Keys, and Charles L. Edelstein. “Renal Adaptation during Hibernation.” American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 305, no. 11 (September 18, 2013): F1521–32. [Source]
Jamison, Rex L. “Resolving an 80-Yr-Old Controversy: The Beginning of the Modern Era of Renal Physiology.” Advances in Physiology Education 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 286–95. [Source]
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