JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.5: 깁스 무료 에너지 및 열역학적 호의

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챕터 0: 공유결합과 구조

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.1: 유기 화학이란 무엇입니까?
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.2: 원자의 전자 구조
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.3: 전자 구성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.4: 화학 채권
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.5: 극지 공유 채권
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.6: 루이스 구조 및 공식 요금
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.7: VSEPR 이론
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.8: 분자 기하학 및 일극의 순간
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.9: 공명 및 하이브리드 구조
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.10: 발렌스 본드 이론과 혼성 궤도
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.11: MO 이론 및 공유 본딩
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.12: 분자 간 힘 및 물리적 특성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.13: 가용성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.14: 기능그룹 소개
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 1.15: 고급 기능 그룹의 개요

챕터 0: 열역학과 화학반응속도론

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.1: 화학 반응
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.2: 엔탈피와 반응의 열
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.3: 솔루션 형성의 에너지
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.4: 엔트로피와 솔비
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.5: 깁스 무료 에너지 및 열역학적 호의
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.6: 화학 및 용해도 평형
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.7: 속도 법 및 반응 순서
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.8: 반응 속도에 대한 온도 변화의 영향
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.9: 다단계 반응
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.10: 채권 해리 에너지 및 활성화 에너지
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.11: 에너지 다이어그램, 전환 상태 및 중간
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.12: 반응 결과 예측

챕터 0: 알케인과 사이클로알케인

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.1: 알카네의 구조
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.2: 알카네의 헌법 이소머스
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.3: 알카인의 명칭
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.4: 알케인의 물리적 특성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.5: 뉴먼 프로젝션
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.6: 에탄과 프로판의 적합성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.7: 부탄의 적합성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.8: 사이클로알카네인
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.9: 사이클로알카네인의 적합성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.10: 사이클로헥산의 적합성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.11: 사이클로헥산의 의자 형태
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.12: 대체 사이클로헥산의 안정성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.13: 디대체 사이클로헥산: 시스 트랜스 이소머리즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 3.14: 연소 에너지: 알카네와 사이클로알카인의 안정성 측정

챕터 0: 입체 이성질

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.1: 키랄리티
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.2: 이소머리즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.3: 스테레오소머스
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.4: 명명 엔안티오메르
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.5: 엔안티오머 및 광학 활동의 특성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.6: 다중 키랄 센터를 가진 분자
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.7: 피셔 프로젝션
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.8: 인종 혼합물과 엔안티오머의 해상도
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.9: 순환 화합물의 스테레오소머리즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.10: 질소, 인 및 황의 키랄리티
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.11: 프로시노성
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 4.12: 자연의 키랄리티

챕터 0: 산과 염기

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.1: 브뢰른스테드–Lowry 산및 기지
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.2: 루이스 산 및 기지
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.3: 산및염기: Ka,pKa,상대강점
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.4: 산염-염기 반응의 평형 위치
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.5: 분자 구조 및 산도
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.6: 레벨링 효과 및 비수성 산염 베이스 솔루션
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 5.7: 솔바팅 효과

챕터 0: 친핵성 치환과 알킬 할라이드 반응 제거

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.1: 알킬 할리데스
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.2: 뉴클레오필성 대체 반응
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.3: 뉴클레오필
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.4: 전기 애호가
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.5: 그룹 탈퇴
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.6: 카보케이션
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.7: SN2 반응: 운동학
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.8: SN2 반응: 메커니즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.9: SN2 반응: 전환 상태
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.10: SN2 반응: 스테레오케미스케
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.11: SN1 반응: 운동학
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.12: SN1 반응: 메커니즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.13: SN1 반응: 스테레오케미스케
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.14: 제품 예측: SN1 vs. SN2
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.15: 제거 반응
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.16: E2 반응: 운동 및 메커니즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.17: E2 반응: 스테레오케미케와 재조화학
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.18: E1 반응: 운동 및 메커니즘
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.19: E1 반응: 스테레오케미케와 재조화학
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 6.20: 제품 예측: 대체 대 제거

챕터 0: Alkene Structure and Reactivity

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.1: Structure and Bonding of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.2: Nomenclature of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.3: Degree of Unsaturation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.4: Isomerism in Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.5: Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.6: Introduction to Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 7.7: Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule

챕터 0: Reactions of Alkenes

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.1: Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.2: Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.3: Halogenation of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.4: Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.5: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.6: Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.7: Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.8: Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.9: Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.10: Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.11: Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.12: Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.13: Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.14: Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 8.15: Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

챕터 0: Alkynes

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.1: Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.2: Nomenclature of Alkynes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.3: Acidity of 1-Alkynes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.4: Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.5: Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.6: Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.7: Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.8: Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.9: Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.10: Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.11: Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 9.12: Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

챕터 0: Alcohols and Phenols

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.1: Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.2: Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.3: Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.4: Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.5: Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.6: Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.7: Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.8: Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.9: Protection of Alcohols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.10: Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.11: Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 10.12: Oxidation of Alcohols

챕터 0: Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.1: Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.2: Physical Properties of Ethers
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.3: Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.4: Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.5: Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.6: Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.7: Crown Ethers
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.8: Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.9: Preparation of Epoxides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.10: Sharpless Epoxidation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.11: Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.12: Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.13: Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.14: Preparation and Reactions of Thiols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 11.15: Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

챕터 0: Aldehydes and Ketones

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.1: Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.2: IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.3: IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.4: Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.5: IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.6: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry of Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.7: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.8: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.9: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.10: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group: General Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.11: Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.12: Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.13: Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.14: Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.15: Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.16: Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.17: Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.18: Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.19: Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.20: Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.21: Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.22: Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.23: Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.24: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 12.25: Keto–Enol Tautomerism: Mechanism

챕터 0: Carboxylic Acids

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.1: IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.2: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.3: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.4: Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.5: IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.6: NMR and Mass Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.7: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.8: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.9: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.10: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.11: Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.12: Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.13: Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.14: Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.15: Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.16: Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 13.17: Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

챕터 0: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.1: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.2: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.3: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.4: Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.5: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.6: Acidity and Basicity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.7: Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.8: Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.9: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.10: Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.11: Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.12: Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.13: Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.14: Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.15: Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.16: Preparation of Acid Anhydrides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.17: Reactions of Acid Anhydrides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.18: Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.19: Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.20: Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.21: Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.22: Preparation of Amides
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.23: Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.24: Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.25: Preparation of Nitriles
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.26: Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.27: Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 14.28: Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

챕터 0: α-Carbon Chemistry: Enols, Enolates, and Enamines

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.1: Reactivity of Enols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.2: Reactivity of Enolate Ions
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.3: Types of Enols and Enolates
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.4: Enolate Mechanism Conventions
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.5: Regioselective Formation of Enolates
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.6: Stereochemical Effects of Enolization
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.7: Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.8: Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.9: Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.10: α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.11: α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.12: Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.13: Nitrosation of Enols
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.14: C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.15: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.16: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.17: Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.18: Dehydration of Aldols to Enones: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.19: Intramolecular Aldol Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.20: C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.21: Crossed Aldol Reactions: Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.22: Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.23: Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.24: Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Strong Bases: Directed Aldol Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.25: Aldol Condensation with β-Diesters: Knoevenagel Condensation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.26: Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Overview
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.27: Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.28: Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.29: Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.30: β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.31: α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.32: Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.33: Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.34: Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.35: Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.36: Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.37: Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.38: Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.39: Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 15.40: Nonenolizable Aldehydes to Acids and Alcohols: The Cannizzaro Reaction

챕터 0: Dienes, Conjugated Pi Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions

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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.1: Structure of Conjugated Dienes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.2: Stability of Conjugated Dienes
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.3: π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.4: π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.5: π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.6: Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.7: Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.8: Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.9: UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.10: UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.11: Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.12: Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.13: Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.14: Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.15: Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.16: Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.17: Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.18: [4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.19: Diels–Alder vs Retro-Diels–Alder Reaction: Thermodynamic Factors
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.20: Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.21: Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.22: Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.23: Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienophiles
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.24: Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.25: [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.26: [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 16.27: Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

챕터 0: Aromatic Compounds

30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.1: Aromatic Compounds: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.2: Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.3: Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.4: Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.5: Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.7: Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.8: Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.9: Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.13: Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.14: Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.15: Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 17.19: NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

챕터 0: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.4: NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.5: Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.7: Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.8: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.9: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.10: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.11: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.12: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.13: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.14: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.15: Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.16: Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.17: Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.18: ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.19: ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.20: meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.21: Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.23: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.24: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.25: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.26: Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.28: Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.29: Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.30: Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 18.32: Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

챕터 0: Amines

30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.1: Amines: Introduction
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.2: Nomenclature of Primary Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.3: Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.4: Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.5: Structure of Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.6: Physical Properties of Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.7: Basicity of Aliphatic Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.8: Basicity of Aromatic Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.9: Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.10: NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.12: Mass Spectrometry of Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.13: Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.14: Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.15: Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.16: Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.17: Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.18: Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.19: Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.20: Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.21: Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.22: Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.24: Amines to Alkenes: Cope Elimination
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.25: 1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.26: 1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.27: 2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.28: Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.29: Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.30: Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 19.31: Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

챕터 0: Radical Chemistry

30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.1: Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.4: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.5: Radical Formation: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.6: Radical Formation: Homolysis
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.7: Radical Formation: Abstraction
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.8: Radical Formation: Addition
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.9: Radical Formation: Elimination
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.10: Radical Reactivity: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.11: Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.12: Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.13: Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.14: Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.15: Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.16: Radical Autoxidation
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.17: Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.18: Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.19: Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.21: Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.22: Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.23: Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.24: Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.25: Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.26: Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.27: Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Thermodynamics
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.28: Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.30: Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 20.31: α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

챕터 0: Synthetic Polymers

30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.2: Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.3: Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.4: Polymers: Defining Molecular Weight
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.5: Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.6: Polymer Classification: Architecture
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.7: Polymer Classification: Crystallinity
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.8: Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.10: Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.11: Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.12: Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.13: Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.14: Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.16: Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.17: Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.19: Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.20: Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.22: Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.24: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.25: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)
30
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 21.26: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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JoVE Core
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깁스 무료 에너지 및 열역학적 호의

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이전 동영상
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.4: 엔트로피와 솔비

다음 비디오
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.6: 화학 및 용해도 평형

임베드 Languages 즐겨찾기에 추가 플레이리스트에 추가

스크립트

Gibbs 자유 에너지 또는 델타 G의변화는 에너지 저장 채권이 각각 형성되거나 파손될 때 흡수되거나 방출되는 에너지입니다.

델타 G의 표시는 엔탈피, 엔트로피 및 온도의 징후와 상대적 값에 따라 달라집니다.

델타 H가 음수이고 델타 S가 양수인 경우 델타 G는 모든 온도에서 음수입니다. 따라서, 시스템의 엔트로피가 증가하는 퇴근 반응은 항상 자발적이다.

델타 H와 델타 S가 모두 음수인 경우 델타 G는 온도에 따라 다릅니다. 부정적인 엔탈피와 엔트로피 변화에 대한 반응은 저온에서만 자발적입니다.

델타 G는 델타 H와 델타 S가 모두 양수인 경우 온도에 따라 달라집니다. 긍정적 인 엔탈피와 엔트로피 변화와 반응은 더 높은 온도에서만 자발적입니다.

델타 H가 긍정적이고 델타 S가 음수일 때 델타 G는 항상 긍정적이며 반응은 모든 온도에서 비자발적입니다.

임의의 반응 혼합물 조성물에 대해, 반응에 대한 델타 G는 표준 자유 에너지및 RT 배의 합으로 반응 지수의 천연 로그를 한다.

반응제와 제품이 평형에 있을 때, 자유 에너지 변화는 0이고 반응 지수는 평형 상수와 같습니다. 따라서 표준 자유 에너지 변화는 음의 RT ln(K)과 같습니다.

델타 G naught가 0 미만인 경우 ln(K)은 양성이며, 이는 K가 1보다 크다는 것을 의미합니다. 이 경우 제품 형성이 평형에 선호됩니다. 평형 상수가 클수록 깁스 자유 에너지의 감소가 커진다.

음의 델타 G 값을 가진 반응은 주변에 자유 에너지의 방출을 포함하고 'exergonic'반응이라고합니다.

반대로, 델타 G naught가 0보다 크면 ln(K)이 음수이며, K가 1 미만이며 반응의 역방향이 선호된다.

양극삼각주 G의 반응은 주변환경의 자유로운 에너지를 흡수하며 '엔더고닉' 반응이라고 합니다.

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.5: 깁스 무료 에너지 및 열역학적 호의

공정의 자발성은 시스템의 온도에 따라 달라집니다. 예를 들어, 위상 전이는 문제의 물질의 온도에 따라 한 방향으로 또는 다른 방향으로 자발적으로 진행됩니다. 마찬가지로, 일부 화학 반응은 또한 온도 의존자성을 나타낼 수 있습니다. 이 개념을 설명하기 위해 프로세스의 엔탈피 및 엔트로피 변경에 대한 자유 에너지 변화와 관련된 방정식이 고려됩니다.

Eq1

자유 에너지 변화의 산술 표시에 반영된 프로세스의 자발성은, 그 때 엔탈피및 엔트로피 변경의 표시및, 어떤 경우에는 절대 온도에 의해 결정됩니다. T는 절대(켈빈) 온도이므로 양수 값만 가질 수 있습니다. 따라서 엔탈피 및 엔트로피 변화의 징후와 관련하여 네 가지 가능성이 존재합니다.

ΔH와 ΔS 모두 양수입니다. 이 조건은 시스템 엔트로피의 증가를 포함하는 빈체 프로세스를 기술합니다. 이 경우, ΔG는 TΔS 용어의 크기가 ΔH보다크면 음수가 됩니다. TΔS 용어가 ΔH보다적으면 자유 에너지 변화가 긍정적일 것입니다. 이러한 과정은 고온에서 자발적이며 저온에서 비자발적입니다.
ΔH와 ΔS 는 모두 음수입니다. 이 조건은 시스템 엔트로피의 감소를 포함하는 exothermic 프로세스를 기술합니다. 이 경우, ΔG는 TΔS 용어의 크기가 ΔH보다적으면 음수가 됩니다. TΔS 용어의 크기가 ΔH보다크면 자유 에너지 변화가 긍정적일 것입니다. 이러한 과정은 낮은 온도에서 자발적이며 고온에서 비자발적입니다.
ΔH는 양수이고 ΔS는 음수입니다. 이 조건은 시스템 엔트로피의 감소를 포함하는 엔더피프로세스를 기술합니다. 이 경우 ΔG는 온도에 관계없이 양수입니다. 이러한 과정은 모든 온도에서 비자발적입니다.
ΔH는 음수이고 ΔS는 양수입니다. 이 조건은 시스템 엔트로피의 증가를 포함하는 exothermic 프로세스를 기술합니다. 이 경우 ΔG는 온도에 관계없이 음수가 됩니다. 이러한 과정은 모든 온도에서 자발적입니다.

공정에 대한 자유로운 에너지 변화는 추진력의 척도로 간주될 수 있다. ΔG에 대한 음수 값은 전방 방향의 공정에 대한 원동력을 나타내며 양수 값은 역방향 공정의 원동력을 나타냅니다. ΔG_rxn이 0이면 전방 및 역 주행 힘이 같으며 프로세스가 동일한 속도로 양방향으로 발생합니다(시스템은 평형에 있음).

Q는 시스템에 대한 질량 행동 표현식의 수치값이며, 그 값은 평형을 달성하기 위해 반응이 진행되는 방향을 식별하는 데 사용될 수 있음을 기억한다. Q가 평형 상수보다 적을 때, K,평형에 도달할 때까지 반응이 전진 방향으로 진행되고 Q = K. 반대로 Q> K가되면 평형이 달성될 때까지 프로세스가 역방향으로 진행됩니다.

비표준 조건(100kPa 이외의 압력, 1M 이외의 농도)에 존재하는 반응제 및 제품과 함께 일어나는 공정에 대한 무료 에너지 변화는 이 방정식에 따른 표준 자유 에너지 변화와 관련이 있습니다.

Eq2

R은 가스 상수(8.314 J/K 몰), T는 켈빈 또는 절대 온도이며, Q는 반응 지수이다. 평형시스템에서의 시스템의 경우 Q = K 및 ΔG = 0, 이전 방정식은

Eq3

Eq4

방정식의이 형태는 이러한 두 가지 필수 열역학 특성 사이의 유용한 링크를 제공하고, 표준 무료 에너지 변화에서 평형 상수를 파생하는 데 사용할 수 있으며, 그 반대의 경우도 마찬가지입니다. 표준 자유 에너지 변화와 평형 상수 간의 관계는 아래 요약되어 있습니다.

K> 1, ΔG°< 0및 제품은 반응 혼합물에 더 풍부하다.

K< 1, ΔG°> 0및 반응제는 반응 혼합물에 더 풍부하다.

K = 1, ΔG° = 0 및 반응제 및 제품이 반응 혼합물에 비교적 풍부하다.

이 텍스트는 오픈탁스, 화학 2e, 섹션 16.4: 무료 에너지에서 채택됩니다.

챕터 0: 공유결합과 구조

챕터 0: 열역학과 화학반응속도론

챕터 0: 알케인과 사이클로알케인

챕터 0: 입체 이성질

챕터 0: 산과 염기

챕터 0: 친핵성 치환과 알킬 할라이드 반응 제거

챕터 0: Alkene Structure and Reactivity

챕터 0: Reactions of Alkenes

챕터 0: Alkynes

챕터 0: Alcohols and Phenols

챕터 0: Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides

챕터 0: Aldehydes and Ketones

챕터 0: Carboxylic Acids

챕터 0: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

챕터 0: α-Carbon Chemistry: Enols, Enolates, and Enamines

챕터 0: Dienes, Conjugated Pi Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions

챕터 0: Aromatic Compounds

챕터 0: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

챕터 0: Amines

챕터 0: Radical Chemistry

챕터 0: Synthetic Polymers

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry Chapter 2.5: 깁스 무료 에너지 및 열역학적 호의

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