Preparation of Hard Palm Seeds for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Imaging Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Summary

This protocol aimed to describe detailed guidance on the preparation of hard seed sample sections with low water content for MALDI-IMS analysis, maintaining analytes' original distribution and abundance and providing high-quality signal and spatial resolution.

Abstract

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is applied to identify compounds in their native environments. Currently, MALDI-IMS is frequently used in clinical analysis. Still, an excellent perspective exists for better applying this technique to understand chemical compounds' physiological information in plant tissues. However, preparation may be challenging for specific samples from botanical materials, as MALDI-IMS requires thin slices (12-20 µm) for appropriate data acquisition and successful analysis. In this sense, previously, we developed a sample preparation protocol to obtain thin sections of Euterpe oleracea (açaí palm) hard seeds, enabling their molecular mapping by MALDI-IMS.

Here, we show that the developed protocol is suitable for preparing other seeds from the same genus. Briefly, the protocol was based on submerging the seeds in deionized water for 24 h, embedding samples with gelatin, and sectioning them in an acclimatized cryostat. Then, for matrix deposition, an xy motion platform was coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) needle spray using a 1:1 (v/v) 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and methanol solution with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at 30 mg/mL. E. precatoria and E. edulis seed data were processed using software to map their metabolite patterns.

Hexose oligomers were mapped within sample slices to prove the adequacy of the protocol for those samples, as it is known that those seeds contain large amounts of mannan, a polymer of the hexose mannose. As a result, peaks of hexose oligomers, represented by [M + K]⁺ adducts of (Δ = 162 Da), were identified. Thus, the sample preparation protocol, previously developed tailor-made for E. oleracea seeds, also enabled MALDI-IMS analysis of two other hard palm seeds. In short, the method could constitute a valuable tool for research in the morpho-anatomy and physiology of botanical materials, especially from cut-resistant samples.

Introduction

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is a powerful method that allows two-dimensional biomolecule assignment, provides untargeted investigation of ionizable compounds, and determines their spatial distribution, especially in biological samples^1,2. For two decades, this technique has enabled the simultaneous detection and identification of lipids, peptides, carbohydrates, proteins, other metabolites, and synthetic molecules such as therapeutic drugs^3,4. MALDI-IMS facilitates chemical analysis in a tissue sample surface without extraction, purification, separation, labeling, or staining agents of biological samples. However, for successful analysis, a pivotal step in this technique is the sample preparation, particularly in plant tissues, which are specialized and modified to widespread complex organs due to environmental acclimatization⁵.

Because of the inherent plant tissue physicochemical properties, there is a need for an adapted protocol to suit the requirements of MALDI-IMS analysis and preserve the tissue's original shape during sectioning preparation^6,7. In the case of unconventional samples, such as seeds, established protocols⁸ are not applicable because these tissues have rigid cell walls and low water content, which can easily cause section fragmentation and lead to compound delocalization⁹.

Our research group has published experimental data on molecular mapping and an adapted protocol for MALDI-IMS analysis of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seed^10,11,12, which is a byproduct generated in high amounts during the production of the rentable açaí pulp¹³. The idea was to develop a protocol for in situ mapping of different metabolites in açaí seeds, helping to suggest possible uses for this agricultural waste that are currently not being explored commercially. However, due to the resistance of the açaí seed, it was necessary to tailor-make a protocol to obtain proper sample sectioning from MALDI-IMS analysis.

In this context, the economically important açaí pulp has motivated the increasing commercialization of other fruits from Euterpe genus palm trees with similar sensory characteristics. The two emerging palm trees' fruits that have been produced on an industrial scale as an alternative to açaí^14,15 are E. precatoria (known as açaí-do-amazonas), which grows in the Amazon dryland, and E. edulis (known as juçara), which is typical from the Atlantic Forest. Nevertheless, the consumption of açaí-do-amazonas and juçara leads to the same accumulation of resistant and inedible seeds that are not availed and have not been studied so far regarding their detailed chemical composition.

Thus, we demonstrate here that the previously devised protocol can be used, with few adaptations, to analyze E. precatoria and E. edulis seeds for molecular mapping by MALDI-IMS, proving to be a powerful tool that can be used for analysis of the composition of these resources and can help to determine their potential biotechnological uses. Moreover, the detailed description provided here can aid others with similar difficulties in preparing resistant materials for MALDI-IMS analysis.

Protocol

Euterpe precatoria seeds were kindly donated by the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Manaus, Brazil), and Euterpe edulis seeds were kindly donated by the Silo - Arte e Latitude Rural (Resende, Brazil) after the industrial depulping process. The seeds were maintained in sealed plastic boxes at room temperature.

1. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectroscopy (MALDI-IMS)

1. Seed sectioning protocol
   1. Allow three seeds from each species to sit in deionized water for 24 h.
   2. The next day, turn the cryostat (see Table of Materials) on and let it reach -20 °C.
   3. Take the wet seeds out of the water. Cut the seeds in half using a microtome blade (see Table of Materials).
   4. Prepare a fresh, warm (10%) gelatin solution (see Table of Materials).
   5. Place half of the seed on a mold and fill it with fresh-made gelatin. Freeze at -80 °C for 2 h before taking to the cryostat.
   6. Attach the embedded seed to the cryostat support using an optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT, see Table of Materials) and leave for 10 min inside the cryostat for OCT hardening.
   7. Add copper double-faced adhesive tape (see Table of Materials) to an indium tin oxide-coated glass slide (ITO slide; see Table of Materials).
   8. Produce 20 µm thick sections from each species and place them on the copper double-faced adhesive tape adhered to the ITO glass slide.
      ​NOTE: At this point, the slices collected on the slides can be stored in a -80 °C freezer; alternatively, proceed to matrix deposition. The slides must be placed in a holder slide box, flushed with gaseous N₂, and sealed with film to prevent sample oxidation (see Table of Materials).
2. Matrix deposition
   1. Place the slide containing slices in a vacuum desiccator until it reaches room temperature.
   2. Make teaching marks using a correction pen in each slide corner. Scan the slide using a table scanner. Set to the resolution of 4,800 ppi.
   3. Use an analytical balance to weigh 30 mg of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB; see Table of Materials) and prepare 1 mL of 1:1 methanol:0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; Table of Materials) solution to dissolve the DHB.
   4. Fill a 1 mL glass syringe (see Table of Materials) with DHB solution and place it in a syringe pump (see Table of Materials) set to a flow rate of 0.8 mL/h.
   5. Using PEEK tubing, connect the syringe to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) needle (see Table of Materials).
   6. Connect N₂ to the APCI needle and set it to a 12.5 psi flow rate.
   7. Attach the APCI needle to the xy motion platform (see Table of Materials). Ensure that the tip of the APCI needle is 4 cm above the slide.
   8. Using the drawing software (see Table of Materials and Supplementary Figure 1), set the xy motion platform to follow the template. The template consists of horizontal parallel lines spaced by 1 mm.
   9. To achieve matrix deposition, wait for the xy motion platform to repeat the template 20 times.
      ​CAUTION: Matrix deposition must be carried out in a chemical fume hood.
3. Imaging acquisition
   1. Place the slide in the mass spectrometer (see Table of Materials).
   2. Use correction pen marks to set teaching points on the referenced software (see Table of Materials).
   3. Set the laser power (60%), laser focus (medium), number of shots (100), and polarity in the software (see Table of Materials). Set 99% data reduction factor and save the FID file for posterior data calibration. Save the method.
   4. Delimitate the area to be analyzed using the add polygon measurement region tool from the mass spectrometer software. Edit the measurement region parameters indicating the method saved in the previous step and the raster width to 100 µm (Supplementary Figure S4A).
   5. Start imaging acquisition.
4. Data analysis
   1. Use matrix cluster and known contaminants to create a mass list in the referenced software (see Table of Materials) in the calibrant tab (Supplementary Figure S4B).
      1. Open the data to be calibrated in the referenced software (see Table of Materials). In the calibration tab, open the mass list created and open a dialog box by right-clicking and choose the set lock masses option (Supplementary Figure S4C).
      2. Select Gaussian window mode with 0.5 Gaussian broadening and 3.5 Line broadening. Leave online calibration unchecked. Select mode (single), threshold (1,000), and mass tolerance (5 ppm). Calibrate data with process and save the 2D data tool (Supplementary Figure S4C).
   2. After calibration, export the data to SCiLS lab or other compatible software and set the desired m/z value threshold (range chosen: 150 to 2,500).
      NOTE: Depending on the file size or the computer's characteristics, this might take some time.
   3. Choose a normalization method between total ion count (TIC) or root mean square (RMS).
      NOTE: For this analysis, TIC was chosen.
   4. If the analytes to be mapped are known, plot each m/z value for each analyte and save the generated images and the spectral average plot.
      NOTE: In this work, m/z values from hexose oligomers were chosen by considering the potassium adduct.

2. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)

1. Seed sectioning protocol
   1. Acquire a thin seed slice in a sectioning saw machine (see Table of Materials).
   2. Cut the seeds with the following parameters: 500 RPM cutting speed, 100 N load charge, and 15 HC Diamond Wafering Blade (see Table of Materials).
      NOTE: Handle the manual removal of fibers from the seeds due to the necessary adhesion to the hold in the precision vises attached to the goniometer. Clean the blade before use, cutting a section of the seed to prevent adding undesirable minerals during the analysis.
   3. Clear the samples with compressed air to remove all the particle residues from the cut (see Table of Materials).
   4. Fix a seed section in carbon double-sided conductive tape (see Table of Materials) in the support.
2. Analysis conditions
   1. Attach the support with a seed section inside the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with EDS (see Table of Materials).
   2. Acquire electron micrographs on a model microscope with 20 kV acceleration and a spot size of 4.0, using secondary electron signals (see Table of Materials), backscattered electrons (solid state detector fixed on the polar piece), and mixtures of these two types of signals (MIX), building artificially colored images.
   3. For the acquisition of EDS spectra, use a spectrometer (see Table of Materials) coupled with the aforementioned SEM. The condition configuration of the image acquisition from EDS is the same as the SEM.
   4. Set tilt degrees, elevation, and azimuth at 0.0, 35.0, and 0.0, respectively.
3. Data acquisition
   1. Set three different areas with 91x magnification of the seed section to acquire data.
   2. Identify the peaks in the spectrum upon termination of acquisition or during acquisition. Use the Confirm Elements step button to identify the peaks manually.
   3. Set the acquisition time to 60 s for each selected area. Set the process time to five; the parameters are available for a process time of one to six.
      NOTE: The signs of the elements are constant and add up, while the noises are random and deleterious. The longer the processing time, the lower the noise.
   4. The default settings to display significant quantitative results are above two sigmas (standard deviation). Set two sigmas to zero to reduce undesirable results.
   5. Normalize each intensity of the elements; this is a standardized parameter in the software (see Table of Materials).
   6. To analyze the data, export it in a DOC file.
4. Data analysis
   1. Ensure the accurate measurement of peak intensities for quantitative elemental analysis.
   2. Overlapping peaks require deconvolution for better peak separation; subtract a noisy background when required.
   3. When there is no overlapping, increase the gain to amplify the signals and improve the spectrum quality.

Results

The devised protocol enabled MALDI-IMS analysis of E. precatoria and E. edulis seeds. As a result, we could confirm carbohydrates' molecular weight and degree of polymerization (DP) as a partial structural elucidation. The molecular information provided by the MALDI-IMS analysis (Figure 1 and Figure 2) exhibited peaks representing [M+K]⁺ adducts of hexose oligomers (Δ = 162 Da) without adding salt to the matrix. Hexo...

Discussion

Plants are composed of specialized tissues for specific biochemical functions. Therefore, the sample preparation protocol for MALDI-IMS must be designed according to various plant tissues with specific physicochemical properties, as samples must maintain their original analyte distribution and abundance for high-quality signal and spatial resolution⁸.

Prior to MALDI-IMS analysis, the primary consideration is collecting and storing samples properly. However, in plants, s...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL Gastight Syringe Model 1001 TLL, PTFE Luer Lock	Hamilton Company	81320
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	Sigma Aldrich Co, MO, USA	149357
APCI needle	Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany	602193
AxiDraw V3 xy motion platform	Evil Mad Scientist, CA, USA	2510
Carbon double-sided conductive tape
Compass Data Analysis software			creation of mass list
Compressed air
copper double-faced adhesive tape	3M, USA	1182-3/4"X18YD
Cryostat CM 1860 UV	Leica  Biosystems, Nussloch, Germany
Diamond Wafering Blade 15 HC
Everhart-Thornley detector
FlexImaging	Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany		image acquisition
FTMS Processing	Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany		data calibration
Gelatin from bovine skin	Sigma Aldrich Co, MO, USA	G9391
High Profile Microtome Blades Leica 818	Leica  Biosystems, Nussloch, Germany	0358 38926
indium tin oxide coated glass slide	Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany	8237001
Inkscape	Inkscape Project c/o Software Freedom Conservancy, NY, USA
IsoMet 1000 precision cutter	Buehler, Illinois, USA
Methanol	J.T.Baker	9093-03
Mili-Q water			18.2 MΩ.cm
Oil vacuum pump
Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound	Fisher HealthCare, Texas, USA	4585
Parafilm "M" Sealing Film	Amcor	HS234526B
Quanta 450 FEG	FEI Co, Hillsboro, OR, USA
SCiLS Lab (Multi-vendor support) MS Software	Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany
Software INCA Suite 4.14 V	Oxford Instruments, Ableton, UK
Solarix 7T	Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany
Syringe pump	kdScientific, MA, USA	78-9100K
Trifluoroacetic acid	Sigma Aldrich Co, MO, USA	302031
X-Max spectrometer	Oxford Instruments, Ableton, UK