Chapter 14
Cell Signaling Pathways
![What is Cell Signaling?](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10985.jpg)
Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes.…
![Autocrine Signaling](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10973.jpg)
Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In…
![Endocrine Signaling](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10719.jpg)
Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the…
![Intracellular Signaling Cascades](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10721.jpg)
Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner…
![Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11996.jpg)
The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by…
![Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12226.jpg)
Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early…
![NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11998.jpg)
The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the…
![Internal Receptors](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11011.jpg)
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can…
![G-protein Coupled Receptors](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10718.jpg)
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that…
![What are Second Messengers?](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10720.jpg)
Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second…
![Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/51516_t.png)
Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay
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For more than 20 years, reverse pharmacology has been the preeminent strategy to discover the activating ligands of orphan G protein-coupled…
![Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/60455_t.png)
Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit…