Chapter 15
Studying DNA and RNA
![Recombinant DNA](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10808.jpg)
Scientists create recombinant DNA by combining DNA from different sources—often, other species—in the laboratory. DNA cloning allows…
![DNA Isolation](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12010.jpg)
DNA isolation protocols can be fast and straightforward or complex and time-consuming depending on the type and quality of DNA required for further…
![DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12011.jpg)
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique commonly used to separate DNA fragments by size. However, it can also be used to isolate and…
![Labeling DNA Probes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12012.jpg)
DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then…
![DNA Microarrays](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12014.jpg)
Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used…
![Complementary DNA](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10818.jpg)
Only genes that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) are active, or expressed. Scientists can, therefore, extract the mRNA from cells to study…
![PCR](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10819.jpg)
The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a widely used technique for copying segments of DNA. Due to exponential amplification, PCR can produce…
![Real Time RT-PCR](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12018.jpg)
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of…
![Sanger Sequencing](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12020.jpg)
DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at…
![Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12228.jpg)
In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their…
![Identification of Homologous Recombination Events in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Southern Blotting and Polymerase Chain Reaction](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/58467_t.png)
Relative to the issues of off-target effects and the difficulty of inserting a long DNA fragment in the application of designer nucleases for genome…
![High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/59936_t.png)
High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries
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Photolithography is a powerful technique for the synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides on glass slides, as it combines the efficiency of phosphoramidite…