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Heath, P., Claus, S. P. Assessing Hepatic Metabolic Changes During Progressive Colonization of Germ-free Mouse by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J. Vis. Exp. (58), e3642, doi:10.3791/3642 (2011).
肠道微生物的活性,可使用尿代谢分析监测。大量的尿微生物已在文献中描述7,14-17合作的代谢产物通过1 H NMR识别。这些微生物的代谢产物是特别有用的监测殖民化进程,为他们提供了一个快速和无创的方法来估计时,新成立的生态系统是稳定的。图5A清楚地说明了肠道微生物代谢产物在殖民化过程中的外观。此图显示了以下步骤2中所述的程序为动物得到一个尿代谢轮廓殖民统治20天,使用在步骤1中描述的过程。这种动物没有排出任何indoxyl phenylacetylglycine(PAG),在无菌状态下的硫酸对甲酚(0天蓝色)的硫酸和数量很少。由于殖民化的进展,这些蛋白质代谢标记的肠道菌群大大增加,达到一个平衡点,在第20天(红色)。这是一个组所示,图5B使用PAG的动物特别容易监控共鸣。此图是由下图5A灰色(δ7.40-7.43)中强调的共振,对应于一个特定的共振PAG的一组7只动物(三重)相结合的面积。
1 H高解像度魔角旋转(人力资源的MAS)核磁共振光谱是一种非破坏性的技术,允许任何一种活检 18代谢概况快速和可重复性收购。在这个协议中,我们使用这个强大的技术获得前(蓝色)和(红色)(图6)定植后的2小鼠肝代谢轮廓。这个数字说明以及可以从基于核磁共振的代谢轮廓MAS派生的信息。大量的氨基酸,以及衍生代谢物,如能量代谢葡萄糖,糖原,乳酸,甘油三酸脂(D)- 3 -羟丁酸和nicotinurate,可以可视化。这些配置文件中还含有氧化应激相关的信息(即抗坏血酸一个CID,谷胱甘肽),核苷酸代谢(即肌苷,尿苷)和甲胺代谢(即胆碱,三甲胺- N -氧化物)。在这个例子中,这是很清楚,无菌鼠标几乎没有显示糖原和非常低血糖和甘油三酯察看7数额。
图1。定植协议概述。无菌和常规动物都装在过滤器端配备由方交换了自己的窝,以便逐步从传统的肠道菌群(1)定植的笼子。使用1 H核磁共振的代谢分析(2-3),肠道微生物的活动都受到监控。肝脏代谢评估的1 H HR MAS基于核磁共振的代谢分析(4-5) 。
在这个协议中,我们描述了一个渐进的殖民化过程,在一个开放的环境,进一步探讨肝脏代谢的影响肠道菌群的1 H HR MAS完整活检核磁共振分析评估。殖民化的各种方法在文献中被描述。最常用的方法来定义的菌群与殖民动物灌胃或污染的饮用水19,20。粪便接种也可以使用先前描述21。定植方法,这里介绍的是来自一个“正常化”无菌动物库普曼JP等描述的方法。在1986年22。在本出版物中,放入无菌动物之间的隔离生活常规动物。然而,它并不总是保持在隔离的动物,尤其是如果他们在殖民化过程中需要操纵(这是特别困难的的,如果样本山口ction是必需的)。因此,另一种方法是在传统的开放凋落物存在的环境将作为对照组采用常规的动物沾房子前无菌动物。通过这种方式,操纵殖民化的目的是最小的动物,在低应力结果相比,灌胃。这种方法还允许逐步殖民化,这是一种天然的殖民化进程,并提供一个同质定植共享同笼DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)评估微生物的DNA图谱(提供补充材料证明的动物的肠道克劳斯等7条 )。
肝脏代谢,通过非破坏性的1 H人力资源的MAS NMR谱评估。这种方法是选择,因为它并不需要提取步骤中的高活性的化合物,如谷胱甘肽氧化破坏的组织和结果 ,1 H NMR的基础代谢分析也呈现优势提供了一个不相关的代谢活检。因此,它可以大范围的观察精力充沛,氨基酸,核苷酸,甲胺和氧化应激相关途径的代谢产物覆盖。唯一的限制是根据一个化合物的分子结构变化的检测限。事实上,检出限是由化学品(即代谢物)的浓度以及给人的共振峰,其化学环境的质子数目。基础上的1 H HR MAS NMR谱单独鉴定代谢物的共振也难以的,因此它应执行一些额外的二维核磁共振实验来证实的任务(即J -解决,COSY,TOCSY,HSQC,HMBC实验 28-30) 31,32。这1 H HR MAS NMR技术通常用于代谢组学研究,在这种情况下,使用多元统计(也称为模式识别方法)是必要的33。 1 H核磁共振的代谢分析在本议定书中所述的方法已被广泛应用于各种生物不仅限于尿和肝脏样本34-36进行分析和逻辑条件。基于核磁共振的代谢组学研究的总样本准备协议已审阅Beckonert等。18,37 。
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