Name: how plant pigments capture light
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:12.000Z
Duration: 1 min 35 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Light as Energy

الطاقة للتركيب الضوئي هي الضوء إجمالاًالاشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي من الشمس الذي يتصرّف كجزيئات حزم مميزة من الطاقة تسمّى الفوتونات وتموّج ذلك التذبذب على طول مسار المسافة بين النقطتين المتعاقبتين الطول الموجي المحدد يرتبط بكمية الطاقة التي تحملها الأمواج الأطوال الموجية الطويلة تنقل طاقة أقل من القصيرة ومعدل جميع الأطوال الموجية الممكنة يُعرف بالطيف الكهرومغناطيسي التركيب الضوئي يعتمد على مقطع صغير من هذا الطيف الجزء المرئي الذي يتراوح من 400 إلى 700 نانومتر وهذا يعني من الأزرق إلى الأخضر إلى الأحمر في النباتات جزيئات الأصباغ المختلفة تمتص أطوال موجية معينة من الضوء لتعطي كل جزيء طيف امتصاص خاص على سبيل المثال الكلوروفيل a وهو أكثر جزيئات الأصباغ وفرة في الأوراق يمتص فقط الضوء الأحمر والأزرق مسبّباًانعكاس الأخضر وهكذا يُرى على أنه لون الأوراق

Chen، Y. et al. تكوين وتغيير مستقلبات النباتات الموجودة في البلاستيدات الخضراء استجابة لظروف الضوء. المجلة الدولية للعلوم الجزيئية. 19 (3) ، 654 (2018).

الضوء باعتباره طاقة

<h4>نظره عامه</h4>

الطاقة اللازمة لإجراء عملية التمثيل الضوئي هي ضوء _ عادةً الإشعاع من الشمس. تسمى الجسيمات الكهرومغناطيسية بالفوتونات وتحمل كمية محددة من الطاقة تعتمد على الطول الموجي. تقع جميع الأطوال الموجية ضمن نطاق يسمى الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي. تقوم النباتات بعملية التمثيل الضوئي باستخدام أطوال موجية تتراوح من ٤٠٠ إلى ٧٠٠ نانومتر. يستخدمون أساساً صبغة تسمى الكلوروفيل a تمتص الضوء الأحمر والأزرق وتعكس الضوء الأخضر وهذا هو سبب ظهور الأوراق باللون الأخضر.

<h4>الفوتونات</h4>

الفوتون عبارة عن جسيم كهرومغناطيسي منفصل أو حزمة طاقة. إنه دائماً في حالة حركة ويسافر بسرعة الضوء. تتميز الفوتونات بترددها وطولها الموجي وسعتها ، على غرار خصائص الموجة. تنقل الموجات ذات الترددات الأعلى طاقة أكبر ولها أطوال موجية أقصر من الأطوال الموجية الأطول التي تنقل طاقة أقل وترددات أقل. يُعرف نطاق جميع الأطوال الموجية الممكنة بالطيف الكهرومغناطيسي.

<h4>طيف امتصاص التمثيل الضوئي</h4>

بالنسبة لمعظم الكائنات الحية ، يعتمد التمثيل الضوئي على جزء صغير من الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي ، أي الجزء المرئي الذي يتراوح من ٤٠٠ إلى ٧٠٠ نانومتر ، من الأزرق إلى الأخضر إلى الأحمر. ومع ذلك ، يمكن لعدد قليل من الكائنات الحية إجراء عملية التمثيل الضوئي باستخدام ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء.

في النباتات ، تمتص جزيئات الصباغ المختلفة أطوال موجية محددة من الضوء ، مما يمنح كل جزيء طيف امتصاص مميزاً. على سبيل المثال ، الكلوروفيل a _ جزيء الصبغة الأكثر وفرة في الأوراق _ يمتص الضوء الأحمر والأزرق فقط. يعكس الكلوروفيل a الجزء الأخضر من الطيف ، مما يجعل أوراق النبات تبدو خضراء للعين البشرية. تستخدم النباتات أيضاً أصباغاً إضافية لامتصاص الضوء. على سبيل المثال ، لديهم الفيكوسيانين الذي يمتص الضوء البرتقالي والأحمر ، والكاروتين الذي يمتص الأشعة فوق البنفسجية والبنفسجية والأزرق والأخضر والأزرق والأحمر البرتقالي ، والزانثوفيل الذي يمتص الضوء الأزرق والأشعة فوق البنفسجية.

الطاقة المطلوبة لإجراء عملية التمثيل الضوئي هي الضوء - عادة ما يكون الإشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي من الشمس. نطاق جميع الأطوال الموجية الممكنة هو ...

Education

JoVE Core

علم الأحياء

Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية

Photosynthesis

البناء الضوئي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

how plant pigments capture light

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude.

Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms, photosynthesis depends on the visible part of the spectrum. This range runs from about 380 to 750 nanometers and includes blue, green, and red light. A few organisms can also photosynthesize with infrared light.

Plants absorb light with pigment molecules that each have their own absorption spectrum. Chlorophyll a is the most abundant pigment in leaves. It absorbs red and blue light, but it reflects green light. That is why leaves look green to the human eye.

Plants also use other pigments to capture more light. Phycocyanin absorbs orange and red light. Carotenes absorb ultraviolet, violet, blue, blue-green, and orange-red light. Xanthophylls absorb blue and ultraviolet light. Together, these pigments help plants use a wider part of the light spectrum.

How Plant Pigments Capture Light

what is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content. Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell.

light as energy

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms,...

anatomy of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in green algae and plants. They are also found in green stems and unripe fruit. In plants, mesophyll cells in the leaf contain the highest density of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has a double membrane. The outer membrane faces the plant cell cytoplasm on one side and the chloroplast intermembrane space on the other. The inner membrane separates that narrow space from the stroma, which is the watery interior of the chloroplast.

photosystem ii

Photosystem II and Water Splitting

Photosystem II is a multi-protein complex that captures light energy and begins the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. It uses bound pigments to harvest photons and send that energy to its reaction center. From there, the energy continues through the electron transport chain and on to photosystem I. The pigments in photosystem II include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. They are arranged in two parts of the photosystem: the antenna complex and the reaction center. The antenna...

photosystem i

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor. Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be...

the calvin cycle

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

See how photons, wavelength, and pigment absorption shape photosynthesis. Learn why chlorophyll a looks green and how other pigments absorb different light colors.

How Plant Pigments Capture Light | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

ESS.EES.1.3

ESS.EES.1.4

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

Energy

HS-PS3-3

Environmental Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-6

Tennessee Academic Standards

Physics

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

PHYS.PS4.6

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

LS.4

LS.4.a

Arizona Science Standards

Earth and Space Science

HS+E.E1

HS+E.E1U1.1

Alabama Course of Study Science

Physical Science

9-12.PS.1.1

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.6.a

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS1-1

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

B-LS2-5.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV3.

SEV3.a

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

SB1.e

SPS7.

Types of Energy

myJoVE Corporation

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
ExpandCAUTION: It is important to always use care when handling reagents. For example, iodine will stain clothes and skin so wear ...

Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
ExpandHYPOTHESES: In this activity, the experimental hypothesis might be that the addition of an ...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from ...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at ...

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

How Plant Pigments Capture Light

Description

Transcript

More videos by Standards