Name: carbon fixation in photosynthesis
Uploaded: 2025-08-11T09:30:18.000Z
Duration: 1 min 40 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.L

The Calvin Cycle

في النباتات ذاتية التغذية،تبدأ دورة كيلفن عندما يمتص ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الغلاف الجوي إلى سدى البلاستيدات الخضراء. هنا،تضاف ذرة كربون واحدة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون أو تثبت في جزيئ السكر المتقبل لخمس ذرات من الكربون،وهو ثنائي فوسفات الريبولوز،أو RuBP،في تفاعل يحفزه الإنزيم ريبولوز 1،5 ثنائي كربوكسيلاز الفوسفات-أوكسجيناز،أو اختصارا RuBisCo الجزيئ سداسي الكربون الناتج يكون غير مستقر للغاية وينقسم إلى جزيئين ثلاثي الكربون من ثلاثي حامض الفسفوغليريك،3-PGA. مع أدينوزين ثلاثي الفوسفات الذي يوفر الطاقة،ونيكوتيناميد الأدينين ثنائي نوكليوتيد فوسفات الهيدروجين وتلصق ذرة هيدروجين مع كل واحدة منهما،وتتحول سلاسل PGA الثلاث إلى مركبات وسيطة ثلاثية الكربون تسمى غلسرالديهايد ثلاثي الفوسفات.ثم يخرج واحدا من G3P من الدورة وينتظر آخر لبناء الجلوكوز مع ستة ذرات من الكربون. وفي الوقت نفسه،يجب أن تنتظر G3P المتبقية لأربع دورات أخرى حيث يتراكم ذرات الكربون ويوفر ATP المزيد من الطاقة لتجديد متقبلات RuBP. وعموما،تثبت الجولات الست من دورة كالفين ستة جزيئات من ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الجو باستخدام الطاقة والقوة المختزلة من 18 ATP و 12 NADPHs،على التوالي،لتوليد جزيء واحد من الجلوكوز وإعادة بناء RuBP لمواصلة الحلقة.

ميشيليت ، لور ، ميركو زافانيني ، صموئيل موريس ، فرانشيسكا سبارلا ، ماريا إستر بيريز بيريز ، فرانشيسكو فرانسيا ، أنطوان دانون ، وآخرون "تنظيم الأكسدة والاختزال لدورة كالفن بنسون: شيء قديم ، شيء جديد". الحدود في علوم النبات 4 (2013). [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00470" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]

شاركي ، توماس د. ، وشون إي وايز. "تحويلة الجلوكوز 6-فوسفات حول دورة كالفن بنسون". مجلة علم النبات التجريبي 67 ، العدد 14 (1 يوليو 2016): 4067-77. [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv484" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]

دورة كالفين

<h4>نظره عامه</h4>

يحول التمثيل الضوئي بالأكسجين ما يقرب من ٢٠٠ مليار طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) سنوياً إلى مركبات عضوية وينتج حوالي ١٤٠ مليار طن من الأكسجين الجوي (O2) التمثيل الضوئي هو أساس كل احتياجات الإنسان من الغذاء والأكسجين.

يمكن تقسيم عملية التمثيل الضوئي إلى مجموعتين من التفاعلات التي تحدث في مناطق مختلفة من البلاستيدات الخضراء النباتية: التفاعل المعتمد على الضوء والتفاعل المستقل عن الضوء أو تفاعلات ”الظلام“. يحدث التفاعل المعتمد على الضوء في غشاء الثايلاكويد للبلاستيدات الخضراء. يحول الطاقة الضوئية إلى طاقة كيميائية مخزنة في صورة أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات و NADPH. ثم يتم استخدام هذه الطاقة في منطقة السدى من البلاستيدات الخضراء ، لاختزال ثاني أكسيد الكربون الموجود في الغلاف الجوي إلى كربوهيدرات معقدة من خلال التفاعلات المستقلة عن الضوء لدورة كالفين_بنسون.

<h4>دورة كالفن بينسون</h4>

تمثل دورة كالفن-بينسون مجموعة مستقلة من الضوء من تفاعلات التمثيل الضوئي. يستخدم ثلاثي فوسفات الأدينوسين وفوسفات النيكوتيناميد _ الأدينين ثنائي النيوكليوتيد (NADPH) الناتج أثناء التفاعلات المعتمدة على الضوء لتحويل ثاني أكسيد الكربون CO2 في الغلاف الجوي إلى كربوهيدرات معقدة. تعمل دورة كالفن_بينسون أيضاً على تجديد ثنائي فوسفات الأدينوسين و NADP+ للتفاعل المعتمد على الضوء.

في بداية دورة كالفن_بينسون ، يدخل ثاني أكسيد الكربون CO2 في الغلاف الجوي الورقة من خلال فتحات تسمى الثغور. في منطقة السدى من البلاستيدات الخضراء ، يضيف إنزيم ريبولوز-١ ، ٥-ثنائي الفوسفات كربوكسيلاز/أوكسجيناز (روبيسكو) ذرة كربون واحدة من CO2 إلى جزيء سكر متقبل ٥-الكربون (5C) ، ريبولوز-١ ، ٥- ثنائي الفوسفات (RuBP).يكون جزيء 6C الناتج غير مستقر للغاية و ينقسم إلى جزئين من حمض ٣-فوسفوجليسيريك (3-PGA). يقوم إنزيم ٣-فوسفوجليسريت كيناز باستخدام أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات لفسفرة جزيئات ٣-فوسفوجليسيريك لتشكيل ١ ، ٣-بيسفوجليسريت. بينما يقوم الجليسيرالدهيد ٣-فوسفات ديهيدروجيناز باستخدام NADPH للحد من هذه الجزيئات لتشكيل الجليسيرالدهيد ٣-فوسفات ، و هو سكر 3C. هذا المنتج النهائي يؤدي إلى تثبيت الكربون C3 _ اسم مستعار لدورة كالفن بينسون.

لإصلاح ستة جزيئات CO2 ، تختزل دورة كالفن بينسون ١٢ جزيئ NADPH و ١٨ جزيئ أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات. يتم تجديد مصادر الطاقة هذه من خلال ردود الفعل المعتمدة على الضوء لعملية التمثيل الضوئي. يتم ربط ستة جزيئات ثاني أكسيد الكربون CO2 لستة جزيئات 5C (RuBP) التي تنقسم الى ١٢ جزيئ 3C الجليسيرالدهيد ٣-فوسفات. تقوم عشرة من جزيئات الجليسيرالدهيد ٣-فوسفات بتوليد ستة جزيئات من متقبل RuBP ، لمواصلة الدورة. يتم تحويل جزيئين من الجليسيرالدهيد ٣-فوسفات إلى جلوكوز واحد. يمكن أيضاً استخدام الجليسيرالدهيد ٣-فوسفات لتجميع الكربوهيدرات الأخرى والأحماض الأمينية والدهون.

نظره عامه

يحول التمثيل الضوئي الأكسجيني ما يقرب من 200 مليار طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) سنويا إلى مركبات عضوية وينتج ما يقرب من ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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carbon fixation in photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible.

Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH.

The light-independent reactions happen in the stroma, where the Calvin-Benson cycle operates. This cycle uses ATP and NADPH to reduce atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates. After they are used, ADP and NADP+ return to the thylakoids so the light reactions can recycle them.

The Calvin-Benson cycle has three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor, RuBP. CO2 enters the leaf through stomata. In the stroma, the enzyme RuBisCO attaches each CO2 molecule to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, or RuBP. This forms an unstable six-carbon intermediate that quickly splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, or 3-PGA.

During reduction, each 3-PGA molecule is phosphorylated by ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. NADPH then reduces it to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, a three-carbon sugar. For every six CO2 molecules fixed, two G3P molecules leave the cycle. These molecules help form glucose and other organic compounds.

In the final regeneration phase, the remaining G3P molecules are rearranged to rebuild RuBP. This step uses additional ATP. Regenerating RuBP lets the cycle continue fixing CO2.

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

what is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content. Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell.

light as energy

How Plant Pigments Capture Light

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms,...

anatomy of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in green algae and plants. They are also found in green stems and unripe fruit. In plants, mesophyll cells in the leaf contain the highest density of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has a double membrane. The outer membrane faces the plant cell cytoplasm on one side and the chloroplast intermembrane space on the other. The inner membrane separates that narrow space from the stroma, which is the watery interior of the chloroplast.

photosystem ii

Photosystem II and Water Splitting

Photosystem II is a multi-protein complex that captures light energy and begins the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. It uses bound pigments to harvest photons and send that energy to its reaction center. From there, the energy continues through the electron transport chain and on to photosystem I. The pigments in photosystem II include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. They are arranged in two parts of the photosystem: the antenna complex and the reaction center. The antenna...

photosystem i

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor. Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be...

the calvin cycle

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the Calvin-Benson cycle fixes carbon dioxide into sugars, using ATP and NADPH in the chloroplast stroma during photosynthesis.

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis | JoVE K12

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Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

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