Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

<p>متضمن 5 مراحل فريدة،الانقسام المتساو هو شكل من أشكال الانقسام حيث تُقسّم المادة الوراثية للخلايا بين خليتين وليدتين. أولاًخلال الطور التمهيدي عند البشر،يتكثّف الكروماتين النووي إلى كروموسومات شكل إكس"مؤلفة من أزواج كروماتيدات شقيقة متصلة بمواصل القسيم المركزي. في الوقت نفسه،خارج النواة،تهاجر عضيتان خلويتان على شكل آي"تُسمان جسيمين مركزيين إلى الجانبين الآخرين من الخلية.</p><p>أثناء قيامهما بذلك،تبدأ أنيبيب دقيقة في النمو من كليهما،إما نحو داخل الخلية أو خارجها مكونان شبكة مثل الجهاز المغزلي. بعد ذلك،يُحلل الغلاف النووي أثناء طليعة الطور التالي،كاشفاًعن الكروموسومات التي تحويها الخلايا الأخرى. تظهر هياكل البروتين أيضاًعلى كلا جانبي الجسيم المركزي،واحدة لكل كروماتين.</p><p>ما إن يتشكّل هذا الحيز الحركي،تمتد الأنيبيب الدقيقة بسرعة إليه،مع كل كروماتيدات شقيقة ترتبط بجانب خلية مختلف. يتطور الانقسام المتساو إلى الطور التالي حيث يقوم الجهاز المغزلي بإعادة ترتيب الكروموسومات بحيث تُوجه بشكل مماثل في صف واحد على طول منتصف الخلية. مع طور الصعود،يلتصق الحيز الحركي بالأنيبيب الدقيقة والكروماتيدات الشقيقة،والتي يُشار إليها الآن بشكل فردي ككروموسومات،تبتعد عن بعضها البعض.</p><p>هذه وغيرها من ديناميكا الأنيبيب الدقيقة تتطيل الخلية. أخيراًتهبط الكروموسومات على جانبي الخلية المتعاكسين أثناء الطور النهائي،حيث يتفكك عندها الجهاز المغزلي. ترتخي المواد الجينية،ويتكون غلافان نوويان،واحد حول كل مجموعة كروموسومات.</p><p>أثناء الطور النهائي،في عملية مميزة تُسمى انقسام السيتوبلازم تنقسم الخلية سيتوبلازمياًوبالتالي،فإن النتيجة النهائية للانقسام المتساو هو زوج من الخلايا المتطابقة وراثياًلسليفهما.</p>

<p>غيرتين ، ديفيد أ. ، سوزان تراوتمان ، ودانيل ماكولوم. "الحركية الخلوية في حقيقيات النوى." <em>ميكروبيول. مول. بيول. القس</em> 66 ، العدد 2 (1 يونيو 2002): 155-78. [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]</p>

انقسام النواة وانقسام السيتوبلازم

<p>في الخلايا حقيقية النواة _ تنقسم دورة الخلية _ دورة الانقسام إلى عمليات خلوية متميزة ومنسقة تشمل نمو الخلايا ، وتكرار الحمض النووي / تكرار الكروموسومات ، وتوزيع الكروموسوم على الخلايا الوليدة ، وأخيراً ، انقسام الخلية. يتم تنظيم دورة الخلية بإحكام من خلال أنظمتها التنظيمية وكذلك الإشارات خارج الخلية التي تؤثر على تكاثر الخلايا.</p>

<p>تحدث عمليات دورة الخلية على مدار ٢٤ ساعة تقريباً (في الخلايا البشرية النموذجية) وفي مرحلتين رئيسيتين يمكن تمييزهما. المرحلة الأولى هي تكرار الحمض النووي ، خلال المرحلة S من الطور البيني. المرحلة الثانية هي المرحلة الانقسامية (M) ، والتي تتضمن فصل الكروموسومات المضاعفة إلى نواتين جديدتين (الانقسام الخلوي) والانقسام السيتوبلازمي (الحركية الخلوية). يتم فصل المرحلتين بفواصل زمنية(فجوات G<sub>1</sub> و G<sub>2) ، </sub> حيث تستعد الخلية للنسخ التماثل و الانقسام.</p>

<h4>عملية الانقسام الخلوي</h4>

<p>يمكن تقسيم الانقسام الخلوي إلى خمس مراحل متميزة _ الطور الأولي ، طليعة الطور التالي ، الطور الاستوائي ، الطور الانفصالي ، الطور النهائي. الانقسام السيتوبلازمي ، الذي يبدأ خلال الطور أو الطور النهائي (اعتماداً على الخلية) ، هو جزء من الطور M ، ولكنه ليس جزءاً من الانقسام الخلوي.
</p>

<h4>الطور الاولي</h4>

<p>عندما تدخل الخلية الانقسام الخلوي ، تبدأ كروموسوماتها المضاعفة في التكاثف وتصبح مرئية كهياكل شبيهة بالخيوط بمساعدة البروتينات المعروفة باسم المكثفات. يبدأ جهاز المغزل الانقسامي بالتشكل بين الجسيمات المركزية _ والتي تضاعفت خلال طور S _ وتهاجر إلى أقطاب متقابلة للخلية. يتكون المغزل من هياكل خيطية تسمى الأنابيب الدقيقة التي تتكون من مونومرات بروتين التوبولين. تبدأ الأنابيب الدقيقة للمغزل بالتمدد نحو الكروموسومات المكثفة. النوية ، أحد مكونات النواة التي تنتج الريبوسومات ، تختفي ، مما يشير إلى الانهيار الوشيك للنواة.</p>

<h4>طليعة الطور التالي</h4>

<p>خلال طليعة الطور التالي ، تستمر خيوط الأنابيب الدقيقة من جهاز المغزل في النمو ، وتنتهي الكروموسومات من التكثيف. ينهار الغلاف النووي تماماً ، ويطلق الكروموسومات. ترتبط بعض الأنابيب الدقيقة بالكروموسومات المحررة ، وترتبط ببنية بروتينية تسمى الحيز الحركي الموجود في مركز كل زوج من الكروماتيدات الشقيقة. ترتبط الأنابيب الدقيقة للمغزل من الأقطاب المتقابلة بالحيز الحركي وتلتقط أزواج الكروماتيدات الشقيقة المكثفة. الأنابيب الدقيقة للمغزل التي لا تلتصق بالكروموسومات _ الأنابيب الدقيقة القطبية والنجومية _ تساعد على دفع المغازل بعيداً عن بعضها البعض وترسيخ أقطاب المغزل في غشاء الخلية.</p>

<h4>الطور الاستوائي</h4>

<p>تقوم الأنابيب الدقيقة للمغزل بمحاذاة كل زوج من الكروماتيدات الشقيقة المكثفة بالكامل على طول خط الاستواء للخلية _ عند صفيحة الطور الاستوئي. الخلية جاهزة الآن للقسمة.</p>

<h4>الطور الانفصالي</h4>

<p>الأنابيب الدقيقة من أقطاب المغزل المقابلة ، والمرتبطة بحيز الحركية ، تقصر وتفصل الكروماتيدات الشقيقة في المركز. تتحلل الآن بروتينات التماسك التي تربط الكروماتيدات معاً. يتسبب تقصير الأنابيب الدقيقة الحركية في هجرة كل كروماتيد من الزوج _ تسمى الآن الكروموسومات _ للهجرة إلى القطب المعاكس.</p>

<h4>الطور النهائي</h4>

<p>بمجرد أن تصل الكروموسومات إلى أقطاب متقابلة للخلية ، فإنها تتكثف وتفكك لتشكيل الكروماتين. تتفكك خيوط الأنابيب الدقيقة للمغزل في مونومرات التوبولين الخاصة بها ، والتي يتم استخدامها بعد ذلك كعناصر هيكل خلوي في الخلايا الوليدة. يتم إعادة تجميع المغلفات النووية حول كل مجموعة من الكروموسومات.</p>

<h4>الانقسام السيتوبلازمي</h4>

<p>أثناء الانقسام السيتوبلازمي في الخلايا الحيوانية ، تشكل خيوط الأكتين حلقة مقلصة في غشاء البلازما لتكوين ثلم انقسام ، والذي يقسم الخلية في النهاية إلى قسمين. في الخلايا النباتية ، تنضم حويصلات من جهاز جولجي تحمل الجلوكوز والإنزيمات والبروتينات الهيكلية لتشكيل صفيحة خلوية جديدة في موقع صفيحة الطور الاستوائي السابق. تندمج صفيحة الخلية المتنامية مع أغشية البلازما على كل جانب ، وتشكل في النهاية جداراً خلوياً جديداً يقسم الخلية إلى قسمين.</p>

<p>اكتمل الانقسام الخيطي الآن ، مما أدى إلى توليد خليتين ابنتين متطابقتين مع الخلية الأم. في معظم الخلايا البشرية ، يمثل الانقسام الخلوي حوالي ساعة واحدة من دورة الخلية التي تستغرق ٢٤ ساعة تقريباً.</p>

في حقيقيات النوى ، تنقسم دورة انقسام الخلية إلى عمليات خلوية متميزة ومنسقة تشمل نمو الخلايا ، وتكرار الحمض النووي / الكروموسوم ...

Education

JoVE Core

علم الأحياء

Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية

Cell Cycle and Division

دورة الخلية وانقسامها

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

cell cycle stages in mitosis

<p class="jove_content">Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.</p>

<p class="jove_content">During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.</p>

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

The cell cycle is the set of steps a eukaryotic cell follows as it grows and divides. In somatic cells, it has two main stages: interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows, carries out its basic metabolic functions, copies its DNA, and gets ready for mitotic cell division.<br /><br />After interphase, the cell enters mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divides the nuclear material, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. These steps produce two daughter cells that are identical to the...

genomic dna in prokaryotes

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binary fission

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genomic dna in eukaryotes

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Eukaryotic DNA fits inside the nucleus by packing into a highly compact form. Eukaryotes have large genomes compared with prokaryotes, so their DNA must be tightly organized to fit inside one cell.<br /><br />The process starts when DNA wraps around proteins called histones. These DNA-histone units form nucleosomes, which are connected by linker DNA. The nucleosomes then coil into chromatin fibers, and additional fibrous proteins compact the chromatin even more.<br /><br />This packed material is called chromatin,...

interphase

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides.<br /><br />After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

Cyclins and CDKs in the Cell Cycle

Cyclins and CDKs help control the cell cycle, the process that produces daughter cells. Cells use internal checkpoints to make sure their size, energy reserves, and DNA are ready before they move forward. At these checkpoints, positive regulators help the cell continue, while negative regulators slow or stop it.<br /><br />The main positive regulators are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs. These proteins are found in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Cyclins are grouped by the stage they help...

negative regulator molecules

Cell Cycle Stop Signals: p53, p21, and Rb

Cell cycle stop signals help control when a cell can move forward through division. Negative regulators pause or end the cell cycle until the cell meets the right conditions. Three well-studied negative regulators are p53, p21, and retinoblastoma protein, or Rb. Their roles became clear after faulty versions were found in cancer cells that kept replicating uncontrollably.<br /><br />These proteins act mostly at the G1 checkpoint, which comes early in the cell cycle. P53 has a strong effect on whether a...

cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured.<br /><br />There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.3

BIO.3.c

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

BIO.6

BIO.6.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS1-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SB1.b

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-4

myJoVE Corporation

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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