Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

الجِهازُالعَصَبِيّاللّاوُدّيّيجدّد الجسم خلال أوقات الراحة عندما لا يكون هناك تهديدات،وغالبًا ما يُشار إليه بجهاز الهضم والراحة. هو أحد الأقسام الأساسية للجهاز العصبي المستقلّالذي يتحكّم بالوظائف غير الإرادية من خلال تنظيم نشاط العضلات الملساء في الأعضاء الحشوية،والعضل القلبي في القلب،وبعض الغدد،كالغدد اللعابية. عند تنشيط الجهاز العصبي اللاودّي،الإشارات من العصبونات السابقة للعقدة في جذع الدماغ،والجزء العَجُزي من الحبل الشوكي تُرسَل إلى العقد العصبية،أو عناقيد خلايا الجسم العصبية في الجهاز العصبي الخارجي،قرب الأعضاء،أو الغدد التي يتمّالتحكّم بها.هنا،تُنقل الرسالة إلى العصبونات التالية للعقدة،والتي عادة ما تستخدم الناقلات العصبية من الأسيتيلكولين لتنظيم نشاط الأنشطة المستهدفة. مثلًا،تخفّص معدّل دقات القلب،وترخي الجسم،وتحفّز انقباض العضلات في الأمعاء والمثانة،فتساعد في الهضم والتغوّط. لذلك،الجهاز اللاودّي يساعد على إعادة تكوين مخزون الطاقة ويحفظ التوازن الداخلي حينما يكون الجسم قادرًا على الراحة.

ستيوارت ، جوليان م. "المتلازمات الشائعة لعدم تحمل الانتصاب". طب الأطفال 131 ، العدد 5 (مايو 2013): 968-80. [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]

الجهاز العصبي اللاودّي

<h4>نظره عامه</h4>

الجهاز العصبي الباراسمبثاوي هو أحد القسمين الرئيسيين للجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي. هذا الجهاز الباراسمبثاوي مسؤول عن تنظيم العديد من الوظائف اللاواعية ، مثل معدل ضربات القلب والهضم. وهي تتألف من الخلايا العصبية الموجودة في كل من الدماغ والجهاز العصبي المحيطي والتي ترسل محاورها لاستهداف العضلات والأعضاء والغدد.

<h4>جهاز ”الراحة و الهضم“</h4>

يميل تنشيط الجهاز الباراسمبثاوي إلى أن يكون له تأثير مريح على الجسم ، ويعزز الوظائف التي تجدد الموارد وتستعيد التوازن. لذلك يشار إليه أحياناً باسم جهاز ”الراحة و الهضم“. يسود الجهاز الباراسمبثاوي خلال أوقات الهدوء عندما يكون من الآمن توجيه الموارد لوظائف ”الإشراف الداخلي“ الأساسية دون أي تهديد بالهجوم أو الأذى.

<h4>السيطرة على الجهاز الباراسمبثاوي</h4>

يمكن تنشيط الجهاز العصبي الباراسمبثاوي عن طريق أجزاء مختلفة من الدماغ ، بما في ذلك منطقة ما تحت المهاد. الخلايا العصبية قبل العقدة في جذع الدماغ والجزء العجزي من الحبل الشوكي ترسل أولاً محاورها إلى العقد _ مجموعات من أجسام الخلايا العصبية _ في الجهاز العصبي المحيطي. تحتوي هذه العقد على الروابط بين الخلايا العصبية قبل وما بعد العقدة وتقع بالقرب من الأعضاء أو الغدد التي تتحكم فيها .من هنا ، ترسل الخلايا العصبية ما بعد العقدة محاورها إلى الأنسجة المستهدفة _ بشكل عام العضلات الملساء أو عضلات القلب أو الغدد. عادة ، يتم استخدام الناقل العصبي أستيل كولين لتنظيم نشاط هذه الأهداف.

يتسبب تنشيط الجهاز الباراسمبثاوي في مجموعة متنوعة من التأثيرات على الجسم. يخفض معدل ضربات القلب ويؤدي إلى انقباض حدقة العين _ إعادة الجسم إلى حالة أكثر استرخاءً. كما أنه يحفز الهضم والإفراز _ على سبيل المثال ، عن طريق تعزيز إفراز اللعاب ، والتقلصات التمعجية في المعدة والأمعاء ، وتقلص المثانة لطرد البول. يساعد في إعادة بناء مخازن الطاقة عن طريق التسبب في إفراز البنكرياس للمزيد من الأنسولين. أخيراً ، يعزز التكاثر عن طريق زيادة تدفق الدم إلى الأعضاء التناسلية.

<h4>الوقوف</h4>

يعد التحكم في معدل ضربات القلب وتدفق الدم أمراً ضرورياً حتى في المهام العادية مثل الوقوف. يمكن أن يعاني الأشخاص الذين يعانون من عدم تحمل الانتصاب من الدوار المزمن والإغماء من فعل بسيط يتمثل في اتخاذ وضعية منتصبة تسمى انخفاض ضغط الدم الانتصابي. يتحكم الجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي في التغييرات الضرورية في الأوعية الدموية ومعدل ضربات القلب عندما ننخرط في انخفاض ضغط الدم الانتصابي. على وجه الخصوص ، الجهاز الباراسمبثاوي هو المسؤول عن الإشارات التي تسمح بتوسيع الأوعية _ استرخاء العضلات حول بطانة الأوعية الدموية _ الشرايين الدماغية. يمكن أن تؤدي الإشارات غير السليمة من الجهاز العصبي الباراسمبثاوي إلى فقدان الوعي بسبب عدم كفاية تدفق الدم إلى الدماغ.

نظره عامه

الجهاز العصبي السمبتاوي هو أحد القسمين الرئيسيين للجهاز العصبي اللاإرادي. هذا النظام السمبتاوي مسؤول ...

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الجهاز العصبي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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the synapse

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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