Name: renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:34.000Z
Duration: 1 min 33 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.11

Hormonal Regulation

Within the kidney are specific receptors that respond to chemical messengers. Hormones that control osmoregulatory functions, such as blood pressure.

As blood is being filtered by the nephrons in the kidneys, specialized cells called juxtaglomerular cells, near the renal capsule, can detect a loss of renal blood flow. The drop in pressure induces the release of one hormone, renin, by these cells into the bloodstream.

Renin then interacts with angiotensinogen, a precursor molecule released by the liver, and cleaves it into the hormone, angiotensin one, meanwhile an enzyme released in the lungs, called angiotensin converting enzyme or ACE, converts angiotensin one into angiotensin two.

Angiotensin two has two functions. One as as a vasoconstrictor, constricting small blood vessels and temporarily increasing blood pressure. And the other, to induce the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

When aldosterone reaches the brain, it stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone or ADH from the hypothalamus. Together ADH and aldosterone then stimulate the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water and sodium from the nephrons, which increases renal blood volume and

hormonal regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Circulating renin interacts with angiotensinogen, a precursor protein synthesized by the liver, to create angiotensin I. A final step cleaves angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a process achieved by angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, which is released by the lungs.

Angiotensin II temporarily increases blood pressure by contracting smaller blood vessels. It also induces the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex of the kidneys. Aldosterone directly stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by the kidneys to maintain electrolyte balance. Moreover, circulating levels of aldosterone stimulate the release of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, by the hypothalamus in the brain.

Upon reaching the kidneys, ADH upregulates aquaporin channels in the nephrons which increase the water retention in the blood vessels. The combined effects of ADH and aldosterone result in a systemic increase in blood pressure.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, and heart failure are often treated using ACE inhibitors. These drugs prevent the formation of angiotensin II. This lets the blood vessels relax, decreasing blood pressure which in turn reduces the workload of the heart.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role during pregnancy where uteroplacental blood flow and salt balance needs to be maintained. During pregnancy, the hormone estrogen stimulates the synthesis of angiotensinogen in the liver. Renin, angiotensin I and II all show progressive increases over the course of pregnancy. In some women, this elevated activation of the renin-aldosterone system results in hypertension and preeclampsia; if not properly managed, a significant source of maternal mortality.

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and ...

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Biology

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Osmoregulation and Excretion

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure

Renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure is a hormone system that helps the kidneys manage water and electrolytes. It also supports osmoregulation, which is the body’s control of water and salt balance.

The system begins in the kidneys near the renal corpuscle, where juxtaglomerular cells sit beside the afferent and efferent blood vessels. As nephrons filter blood, these cells monitor blood pressure. If pressure drops, they release renin into the bloodstream.

Renin acts on angiotensinogen, a precursor protein made by the liver, and forms angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, released by the lungs, then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II raises blood pressure for a short time by tightening smaller blood vessels.

Angiotensin II also signals the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone helps the kidneys reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium, which keeps electrolyte levels balanced. In addition, aldosterone can stimulate the hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.

ADH acts on the kidneys by increasing aquaporin channels in the nephrons. These channels help the body retain more water in the blood vessels. Together, ADH and aldosterone increase blood pressure across the body.

ACE inhibitors are often used to treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, and heart failure. These drugs block the formation of angiotensin II. As a result, blood vessels relax, blood pressure falls, and the heart has less work to do.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is also important during pregnancy. Estrogen stimulates the liver to make more angiotensinogen, and renin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II all rise over time. In some women, this stronger system can lead to hypertension and preeclampsia, which can become a major cause of maternal death if it is not managed well.

Renin-Angiotensin Control of Blood Pressure

renin-angiotensin-control-of-blood-pressure

kidney structure

How Kidneys Filter Blood and Make Urine

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the upper abdomen that filter blood and help keep water and electrolytes in balance. They receive blood from the heart through the renal arteries, and they send filtered blood away through the renal veins. The renal arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave inner surface of the bean shape. From there, they branch into smaller vessels and capillaries. This branching helps move blood through the kidney for filtering. The thick outer layer of...

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Kidney nephrons and urine control depend on filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. The kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood each day. They first remove water and dissolved substances, then return nearly all of the filtrate to the bloodstream with help from osmoregulatory hormones. This process clears wastes and toxins while keeping water and electrolyte levels balanced. Most of these jobs happen in the tiny nephrons inside the kidneys. Blood enters the nephron’s renal...

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The urea cycle is a liver pathway that converts ammonia into urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product made during protein catabolism. Land animals must change ammonia into the less toxic urea so the kidneys can remove it in urine. Marine animals can excrete ammonia directly because water dilutes it to safer levels. The cycle has five main steps. First, ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate. Next, ornithine is added as carbamoyl phosphate becomes citrulline. Citrulline then forms...

Renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure is a hormone system that helps the kidneys manage water and electrolytes. It also supports osmoregulation, which is the body’s control of water and salt balance. The system begins in the kidneys near the renal corpuscle, where juxtaglomerular cells sit beside the afferent and efferent blood vessels. As nephrons filter blood, these cells monitor blood pressure. If pressure drops, they release renin into the bloodstream. Renin acts on angiotensinogen,...

osmoregulation in fishes

Fish Water and Salt Balance

Fish water and salt balance helps keep their cells from swelling or shrinking in changing environments. Cells in a hypotonic, or low-salt, fluid can swell and burst. Cells in a hypertonic fluid, which has a higher salt concentration, can shrivel and die. Fish use osmoregulation to control water and dissolved ions such as sodium and chloride. Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane that lets water pass. Water moves in both directions, but the net flow goes toward the side with more...

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Malpighian tubules help insects remove waste and conserve water. These specialized structures are found in the digestive systems of many arthropods, including most insects. They are usually arranged in pairs, and their twisted shape gives them more surface area. The tubules extend from the digestive tract, usually between the midgut and hindgut, into the hemolymph. Hemolymph is the fluid that mixes blood and interstitial fluid in insects and other arthropods, and in most mollusks. Unlike many...

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Animals use different excretory strategies to remove waste from the body. These strategies matter because most waste must be dissolved in water before it can leave the body. That means excretion is closely tied to water balance. Nitrogenous wastes are some of the most important animal wastes. Nitrogen is released when proteins and nucleic acids are broken down for energy or turned into carbohydrates and fats. Proteins become amino acids, and nucleic acids become nitrogenous bases. The...

what are osmoregulation and excretion?

Water Balance and Waste Removal in Animals

Water balance and waste removal in animals help keep body fluids stable. Organisms must maintain a constant temperature and pH, along with specific solute levels, to support life functions. Osmoregulation is the process that keeps water and solute levels in balance. Osmosis is the movement of water from solutions with lower ion concentrations, or lower osmolarities, to solutions with higher ion concentrations. It happens because two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Bodily...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system controls blood pressure, water balance, and electrolytes, and how ACE inhibitors help treat hypertension.

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Renin-Angiotensin Control of Blood Pressure

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