Name: how sunlight shapes daily weather
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:42.000Z
Duration: 1 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.5.2

What is Weather?

يشير الطقس إلى ظروف الغلاف الجوي على مدى فترات زمنية قصيرة ويتأثر بالتفاعلات بين الشمس،والجو والمحيطات والأرض. الطاقة الشمسية تدخل الغلاف الجوي ويمتصها اليابسة والمياه السطحية والتي تنبعث منها بعد ذلك الأشعة تحت الحمراء الحرارية الإشعاع متسببة في دفء الهواء. الهواء الدافئ الأقل كثافة بالقرب من سطح الأرض يرتفع خالقاًالتيارات العمودية في الغلاف الجوي العلوي والتي لديها ضغط جوي أقل.نتيجة لذلك،يصبح الهواء بارداًوأكثر كثافة مما تسبب في سقوطه مرة أخرى،في عملية تسمى تداول الحمل الحراري. هذه العملية الجوية المحلية مجتمعة مع الميل الديناميكي للأرض نحو الشمس تخلق تغييرات في ضغط ودرجة حرارة الغلاف الجوي،وهطول الأمطار كل يوم وأسبوع وشهر. وبالتالي،تختلف هذه العوامل،فحسب المكان الذي تتواجد فيه على سطح الأرض،يكون الطقس مختلفاً

إيتيما ، ديك ، مارغريتا فريمان ، لارس إي أولسون ، وتومي جارلينج. "تأثيرات الموسم والطقس على الحالة المزاجية المرتبطة بالسفر والرضا عن السفر". الحدود في علم النفس 8 (6 فبراير 2017). [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00140" target = "__blank" >مصدر</a>]

ما هو الطقس؟

<h4>نظره عامه</h4>

يشير الطقس إلى الحالة الراهنة للظروف الجوية في وقت ومكان محددين. الطقس مؤقت ويتأثر بالتفاعلات بين الشمس والغلاف الجوي (الغازات حول الأرض) والغلاف المائي (المسطحات المائية للأرض) والغلاف الأرضي (الجزء الأرضي من الأرض). نظراً لاختلاف كل هذه العوامل عبر الموقع والوقت ، يمكن ملاحظة طقس مختلف عبر الكوكب.

<h4>الإشعاع الشمسي و تأثير الاحتباس الحراري</h4>

يخترق الإشعاع الشمسي الغلاف الجوي ليتفاعل مع المياه السطحية والكتل الأرضية. تبعث هذه الأسطح الطاقة كإشعاع حراري أو حرارة تعمل على تسخين الهواء. تتسرب الحرارة إما عبر الغلاف الجوي إلى الفضاء أو محاصرة في الغلاف الجوي بواسطة غازات معينة في الغلاف الجوي _ مما يؤدي إلى ارتفاع درجة حرارة الكوكب باستمرار. يسمى هذا الاحتفاظ بالحرارة في الغلاف الجوي بتأثير الاحتباس الحراري. تحتفظ غازات الدفيئة المزعومة بالحرارة أكثر من الغازات الأخرى.

الهواء الدافئ أقل كثافة من الهواء البارد ، لذلك يرتفع الهواء الدافئ. يخلق الهواء المتصاعد تيارات عمودية في الغلاف الجوي العلوي ، والذي له ضغط جوي أقل. عندما يبتعد الهواء عن مصدر الإشعاع الحراري ، يبدأ في البرودة ، ويصبح أكثر كثافة ، ثم يسقط مرة أخرى. تُعرف هذه العملية باسم دورة الحمل الحراري.

<h4>الطقس اليومي</h4>

يقاس الطقس عادة بستة عوامل: درجة الحرارة ، والضغط الجوي ، والرياح ، والرطوبة ، وهطول الأمطار ، والغيوم. يقيس خبراء الأرصاد الجوية هذه الظروف ويتنبأون بطقس المستقبل القريب بناءً على اتجاهات الملاحظات السابقة. على سبيل المثال ، يعكس الضغط الجوي وزن الغلاف الجوي أعلاه. عادة ما يرتبط الضغط المرتفع بدرجات حرارة أكثر برودة وسماء صافية ، بينما يرتبط الضغط المنخفض بالطقس الأكثر دفئاً والعواصف. تسمح مراقبة انخفاض أو ارتفاع الضغط الجوي لأخصائيي الأرصاد الجوية بعمل تنبؤات قصيرة المدى إذا كان عليك إحضار مظلة أو توقع يوماً مشمساً.

<h4>الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة</h4>

تشمل الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة موجات الحرارة وموجات البرد والأعاصير و الرياح الشديدة والجفاف والفيضانات. غالباً ما تكون هذه الأحداث مفاجئة وبالتالي يصعب التنبؤ بها. عادة ما يتم وصف الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة فيما يتعلق بالظروف التي لوحظت في التوزيع التاريخي لموقع معين. باستخدام هذه السجلات التاريخية ، أشارت الأبحاث إلى أن تغير المناخ الناتج عن الأنشطة البشرية قد أدى إلى زيادة تواتر وشدة درجات الحرارة اليومية وهطول الأمطار المتطرفة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تشير النماذج المناخية إلى أنه مع تغير المناخ ، ستشهد الأرض طقساً أكثر تطرفاً مثل الطقس الصيفي القاسي المستمر في خطوط العرض الشمالية.

نظره عامه

يشير الطقس إلى الحالة الحالية للظروف الجوية في وقت ومكان محددين. الطقس مؤقت ويتأثر ب ...

Education

JoVE Core

علم الأحياء

Ecology

علم البيئة

Biodiversity and Conservation

التنوع البيولوجي والحفظ

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

how sunlight shapes daily weather

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is called the greenhouse effect, and greenhouse gases hold more heat than other gases.

Warm air is less dense than cold air, so it rises. As it rises into areas of lower atmospheric pressure, it cools, becomes denser, and falls again. This movement creates convection circulation, which helps move heat through the atmosphere.

Daily weather is measured using six main factors: temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness. Meteorologists track these conditions and use past observations to predict short-term weather changes. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air above us. High pressure is often linked to cooler temperatures and clear skies, while low pressure is often linked to warmer weather and storms. A rise or drop in pressure can help weather forecasters decide whether to expect sunshine or bring an umbrella.

Extreme weather events include heat waves, cold waves, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. These events can happen suddenly, so they are harder to predict than day-to-day weather. Scientists describe them using historical records for a specific place. Research shows that human-caused climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of some daily temperature and precipitation extremes. Climate models also suggest more extreme weather in the future, including persistent summer extremes in northern latitudes.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

what is weather?

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is...

global climate change

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what is biodiversity?

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Biodiversity is the variety of living things at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It includes not only how many kinds of organisms exist, but also how they are related and how they interact with the world around them. Species diversity spans the full evolutionary tree. It includes single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, as well as the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists. About 1.75 million species have been identified so far, and scientists...

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biodiversity and human values

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what is conservation biology?

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Conservation biology is the science of protecting biodiversity and keeping ecosystems healthy. It looks at how living things, habitats, and human needs are connected. The goal is to preserve biodiversity so ecosystems can continue to function well. Healthy ecosystems provide people with important natural resources. These include food, medicines, and building materials. Ecosystems also deliver key services, such as cleaning air and water. Evidence shows that these services depend on...

what is climate?

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Climate describes the usual weather conditions in a place over a long period of time. The idea is simple: climate is what you expect, while weather is what you get. Climate is shaped by geographic factors such as latitude, terrain, and how close an area is to bodies of water. Weather and climate are related, but they work on different time scales. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average pattern of weather over much longer periods. Because of...

sustainable development

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Sustainable development depends on protecting oceans while meeting human needs. As the human population grows and uses more resources, people must stay aware of the planet’s natural limits. The goal is to improve life now without taking away the resources future generations will need. Long-term sustainability depends on understanding how human actions affect ecological systems. Oceans are a major part of this balance. They provide food for people, produce much of the atmosphere’s oxygen, and...

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habitat fragmentation

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key terms and concepts

Learn how solar radiation, the greenhouse effect, convection, and air pressure shape daily weather, plus why extreme weather is harder to predict.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

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