Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

في بيئة اجتماعية ، غالبا ما يتجمع الأشخاص في مجموعات - سواء كان ذلك بناء على فئة مثل الجنس ، أو بعض الاهتمامات الخاصة.

يمكن أن يؤدي هذا التصنيف إلى المحسوبية والروابط العاطفية تجاه زملائهم الأعضاء - فصل العالم الاجتماعي إلى "نحن" مقابل "هم" - أي إنشاء مجموعة داخلية - الوحدة المعينة التي يحددها الأفراد على أنهم ينتمون إليها - مقابل مجموعة خارجية - مجموعة الأشخاص الذين ينظر إليهم على أنهم مختلفون اختلافا جوهريا.

في هذه الحالة ، يكون الجميع مسلحين بمصادر قيادة للهوية واحترام الذات داخل مجموعتهم ، ويمكن للروابط القوية أن تخلق تحيزات داخل المجموعة - تفضيلات للمجموعة المتصلة على المجموعات الأخرى.

نظرا لأن الأفراد يحتفظون بوجهات نظر ذاتية إيجابية ، فقد يحدث التحيز والتمييز لحماية أولئك الموجودين داخل المجموعة المحددة.

وبالتالي ، قد يلوم داخل المجموعة المجموعة الخارجية على أي مصائب يرونها. يسمى هذا المفهوم كبش فداء - فعل اتهام مجموعة خارجية عندما تواجه المجموعة داخل المجموعة أي إزعاج أو تهديد مزعوم في تحقيق نتيجة.

والخبر السار هو أنه يمكن التوفيق بين عدم الاستقرار الاجتماعي بين المجموعات. على سبيل المثال ، من خلال التواصل المتعمد ، يمكن للمجموعة الداخلية التعرف على تجارب المجموعة الخارجية والتعاطف معها لتحفيز التغيير الإيجابي.

المجموعات الداخلية والخارجية

ينتمي جميع الناس إلى جنس وعرق وعمر ومجموعة اقتصادية اجتماعية. توفر هذه المجموعات مصدرا قويا لهويتنا واحترامنا لذاتنا (Tajfel & Turner ، 1979) وتعمل كمجموعاتنا الداخلية. داخل المجموعة هي مجموعة نتماهى معها أو نرى أنفسنا ننتمي إليها.

المجموعة التي لا ننتمي إليها ، مجموعة خارجية ، هي مجموعة نعتبرها مختلفة اختلافا جوهريا عنا. على سبيل المثال، إذا كنت أنثى، فإن جنسك في المجموعة يشمل جميع الإناث، وتشمل المجموعة الخارجية للجنس جميع الذكور. غالبا ما ينظر الناس إلى المجموعات الجنسانية على أنها مختلفة اختلافا جوهريا عن بعضها البعض في سمات الشخصية والخصائص والأدوار الاجتماعية والاهتمامات.

نظرا لأننا غالبا ما نشعر بإحساس قوي بالانتماء والاتصال العاطفي بمجموعاتنا الداخلية ، فإننا نطور تحيزا داخل المجموعة: تفضيل مجموعتنا على المجموعات الأخرى. يمكن أن يؤدي هذا التحيز داخل المجموعة إلى التحيز والتمييز لأن المجموعة الخارجية ينظر إليها على أنها مختلفة وأقل تفضيلا من مجموعتنا الداخلية. تتمثل إحدى وظائف التحيز في مساعدتنا على الشعور بالرضا عن أنفسنا والحفاظ على مفهوم الذات الإيجابي. تمتد هذه الحاجة إلى الشعور بالرضا عن أنفسنا إلى مجموعاتنا الداخلية: نريد أن نشعر بالرضا ونحمي مجموعاتنا الداخلية. نسعى إلى حل التهديدات بشكل فردي وعلى مستوى المجموعة. يحدث هذا غالبا عن طريق إلقاء اللوم على مجموعة خارجية في المشكلة. كبش الفداء هو إلقاء اللوم على مجموعة خارجية عندما تعاني المجموعة داخل المجموعة من الإحباط أو يتم منعها من الحصول على هدف (Allport ، 1954).

على الرغم من ديناميكيات المجموعة التي يبدو أنها تدفع المجموعات فقط نحو الصراع ، إلا أن هناك قوى تعزز المصالحة بين المجموعات: التعبير عن التعاطف ، والاعتراف بمعاناة الماضي على كلا الجانبين ، ووقف السلوكيات المدمرة.

القطط والأرانب في هذا الفيديو

تم استخدام القطط والأرانب كاستعارة هنا ، تمثل المجموعات الداخلية والخارجية التي تختارها. على سبيل المثال ، إذا كنت من محبي الرياضة ، فربما يمكنك التفكير في فريقك مقابل فريق منافس.   

 

هذا النص مقتبس من <a href = "https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target = "_blank" >OpenStax ، علم النفس. OpenStax CNX.</a>

ينتمي جميع الناس إلى جنس وعرق وعمر ومجموعة اقتصادية اجتماعية. توفر هذه المجموعات مصدرا قويا لهويتنا واحترامنا لذاتنا (Tajfel & ...

Education

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

علم النفس الاجتماعي

Foundations of Social Psychology

أسس علم النفس الاجتماعي

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

الصور النمطية، والتحيز، والتمييز

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

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3.1.9-12.L

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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