Name: solvents, solutes, and solution types
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:26.000Z
Duration: 2 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.6.1

General Properties of Solutions

Mixtures are substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of molecules or atoms. Sand mixed with iron filings and lemonade are both examples of mixtures. Mixtures can be categorized into two types - heterogeneous and homogeneous.

In heterogeneous mixtures, the components are unevenly distributed; hence, they do not exhibit a uniform composition.&nbsp;

In contrast, homogeneous mixtures do have a uniform composition.&nbsp;

For example, lemonade is a homogeneous mixture of lemon juice, sucrose, and water. Each drop of lemonade tastes the same due to the uniform distribution of its ingredients.

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two main substances &ndash; the solute and the solvent. &nbsp;The solvent is present in greater quantity than the solute.&nbsp;

For example, in lemonade, water is the solvent, and lemon juice and sucrose are the solutes.&nbsp;

In a solution, the solute and solvent can be in any state of matter: solid, liquid, or gas. The state of the solution is the same as the state of the solvent. The solution itself is a single &ldquo;phase&rdquo;,&nbsp;irrespective of the states of the solvent and solutes.

For example, soda is a liquid solution that contains gaseous carbon dioxide and solid suc

general properties of solutions

Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed.&nbsp;

A solution is a homogeneous mixture that is composed of a solvent and a solute. The solvent is present at a significantly greater concentration than the solute. The solute dissolves in the solvent, and the components distribute themselves randomly to form a solution.

The physical state of a solution &mdash; solid, liquid, or gas &mdash; is typically the same as that of the solvent. There are three main types of solutions; solid solutions, liquid solutions, and gaseous solutions. The solution phase is the same as the solvent phase.&nbsp;

The solution consists of a mixture of separated solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions), each closely surrounded by solvent species. The solvent and solute interact through attractive forces. This process is called solvation. When water is the solvent, the process is known as hydration. Due to solvation, the solute molecules remain dispersed throughout the solution. Solutions in which water is the solvent are called aqueous solutions. For example, ocean water is an aqueous solution of different salts dissolved in water.&nbsp;

This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/11-1-the-dissolution-process">OpenStax Chemistry 2e, Section 11.1: The Dissolution Process.</a>

Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed ...

Education

JoVE Core

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

chemical-quantities-and-aqueous-reactions

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

solvents, solutes, and solution types

Solutions are common mixtures found in everyday life. Ocean water, air, and gasoline are all examples of solutions. These mixtures contain two or more types of atoms or molecules in varying amounts.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture, which means its composition is uniform throughout. This is different from a heterogeneous mixture, which has a non-uniform composition. In a homogeneous mixture, the components are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed.

Every solution has a solvent and a solute. The solvent is present in a much greater amount than the solute. The solute dissolves in the solvent, and the particles spread out randomly to form the solution. The solution is usually in the same physical state as the solvent.

Solutions can be solid, liquid, or gas. These are called solid solutions, liquid solutions, and gaseous solutions. The solution phase matches the solvent phase. In a solution, separated solute particles are closely surrounded by solvent species.

The interaction between solvent and solute is called solvation. When water is the solvent, this process is called hydration. Solvation helps keep solute molecules dispersed throughout the solution. Solutions with water as the solvent are called aqueous solutions. Ocean water is one example, because salts are dissolved in water.

Solvents, Solutes, and Solution Types

reaction stoichiometry

Using Balanced Equations to Predict Amounts

Balanced chemical equations show how much of each substance reacts and forms in a chemical change. The formulas identify the reactants and products, which helps classify the reaction. The coefficients show the relative numbers of each substance, which lets chemists measure the relationships between amounts consumed and produced. These quantitative relationships are called stoichiometry. The word comes from the Greek words stoicheion, meaning element, and metron, meaning measure. Stoichiometry...

limiting reactant

Limiting Reactant in Water Formation

Limiting reactants control how much product forms in a chemical reaction. In a balanced equation, the listed amounts of reactants and products are called stoichiometric amounts. In real reactions, the reactants are not always present in those exact proportions. The limiting reactant is the reactant that gets used up first. Once it is gone, the reaction stops making more product. The other reactant is called the excess reactant. Chemists often use extra amounts of one reactant to make sure the...

reaction yield

Calculating Percent Yield in Reactions

Percent yield shows how much product a chemical reaction actually makes compared with how much it should make. The expected amount is called the theoretical yield. It comes from the balanced chemical equation and the stoichiometry, or mole ratios, in that equation. The theoretical yield assumes that the limiting reactant is completely converted into the desired product. The product collected after a reaction is the actual yield. In many cases, the actual yield is lower than the theoretical...

Solutions are common mixtures found in everyday life. Ocean water, air, and gasoline are all examples of solutions. These mixtures contain two or more types of atoms or molecules in varying amounts. A solution is a homogeneous mixture, which means its composition is uniform throughout. This is different from a heterogeneous mixture, which has a non-uniform composition. In a homogeneous mixture, the components are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. Every solution has a solvent and a...

solution concentration and dilution

Molarity and Dilution in Solutions

Molarity and dilution are key ideas for describing solution concentration. Concentration means the relative amount of one component in a solution. In many solutions, one component is present in much larger amount. That component is the solvent, which acts as the medium that holds the other parts dissolved or dispersed. Water is a very common solvent, so aqueous solutions are common on Earth. A solute is the component present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Chemists often...

electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions

Conductivity in Electrolyte Solutions

Electrolyte solutions conduct electricity because they contain mobile ions. The amount of current depends on how many ions are present in the aqueous solution. A solution with more dissolved ions conducts better, while a solution with few or no ions conducts poorly. Strong electrolytes dissociate completely in water. This complete dissociation is shown with a single forward arrow. Water-soluble ionic compounds such as sodium chloride split into sodium cations and chloride anions in solution.

solubility of ionic compounds

Solubility Rules for Ionic Salts

Solubility rules help predict whether ionic salts will dissolve in water. Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a set temperature and pressure. It is often measured in molarity, or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is soluble if it dissolves in water. When a soluble salt dissolves, its ions separate and spread evenly through the solution. This physical change is called dissociation. Potassium chloride, KCl, is a simple example. Water...

chemical reactions in aqueous solutions

Aqueous Reactions and Ionic Equations

Aqueous reactions are chemical reactions that take place in water. Water is a good solvent, so it can dissolve many substances. Because of that, many chemical reactions happen in aqueous solution. In high school chemistry, these reactions are often grouped into three common patterns: precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction. A precipitation reaction happens when ions in two aqueous ionic compounds exchange partners and form an insoluble salt, called a precipitate. In an acid-base...

precipitation reactions

Predicting Precipitation in Aqueous Reactions

Precipitation reactions happen when two aqueous solutions of soluble salts are mixed and an insoluble ionic compound forms. That solid is called a precipitate. The ions in solution exchange partners, so these reactions are also called double displacement, double replacement, exchange, or metathesis reactions. These reactions are useful in chemistry for identifying metal ions in a compound. They also support gravimetric methods, which measure composition by the mass of a substance. Whether a...

oxidation-reduction reactions

Redox Reactions and Oxidation Numbers

Redox reactions are chemical changes in which electrons move between reactants, and oxidation numbers help track that change. The term oxidation once referred only to reactions with molecular oxygen, but it now covers a wider reaction class called oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. Some redox reactions form ionic products. A simple example is the reaction between sodium and chlorine that produces sodium chloride. To follow what happens to each reactant, chemists often write...

oxidation numbers

Assigning Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help track electron transfer in redox reactions. An oxidation number, also called an oxidation state, is a hypothetical number that shows the effective charge of an atom or element. Chemists assign it by using a set of rules. In an ionic compound, oxidation numbers are based on how many electrons move between reacting species. For example, when calcium chloride forms, calcium loses two valence electrons and the two chlorine atoms each gain one electron. In CaCl2, calcium has...

acids, bases and neutralization reactions

How Acids and Bases Form Ions

Acids and bases form ions in water through acid-base reactions. These reactions move a hydrogen ion, H+, from one chemical species to another. They matter in many natural and technological processes, from chemistry inside cells and in lakes and oceans to the large-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other useful substances. In water, an acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions. This is the Arrhenius definition of an acid. The H+ ion is also called a proton. In...

synthesis and decomposition reactions

Building and Breaking in Chemical Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two redox reactions that show how substances can be built up or broken down. Synthesis means to make something, while decomposition means to break something apart. These reactions also involve chemical changes and energy changes. Synthesis reactions are also called combination reactions. In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances join to form one more complex substance. They are often written as A + B → AB or A + B → C. One example is the formation of...

key terms and concepts

Explore solvents, solutes, and solution types in everyday mixtures like ocean water, air, and gasoline. Learn how homogeneous solutions form.

Solvents, Solutes, and Solution Types | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Chemistry brings general chemistry concepts to life using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Plus, in the scientist-in-action videos, we demonstrate classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Interactions Of Matter

Stoichiometry

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.5

CH.5.a

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.2.1 9C.3.1.1.3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

CHEM.11

CHEM.11.A

CHEM.11.B

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.5

Physical Science

9-12.PS.3.6

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Structure and Properties of Matter

HS-PS1-10.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS6.

Solutions and Concentration

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Solvents, Solutes, and Solution Types

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