Name: centripetal acceleration in circular motion
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:52:21.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

ESS.EES.1.2

Uniform Circular Motion

يقال إن الجسم الذي يتحرك على طول مسار دائري يظهر حركة دائرية ، والتي يمكن أن تكون إما موحدة أو غير موحدة. في حركة دائرية منتظمة ، يتحرك الجسم بسرعة ثابتة.
بالنسبة للقمر الصناعي الذي يدور في مدار، توفر قوة جاذبية الأرض قوة الجاذبية المطلوبة للحركة الدائرية.
في أي لحظة ، تكون السرعة الخطية للقمر الصناعي عرضية للمسار الدائري ، بحيث يظل حجمه ثابتا ، لكن اتجاهه يختلف.
نظرا لأن اتجاه السرعة يتغير ، يتسارع القمر الصناعي شعاعيا إلى الداخل في أي لحظة. يسمى هذا التسارع بتسارع الجاذبية أو التسارع الشعاعي.
بقسمة معادلة القوة على m ، فإن مقدار تسارع الجاذبية هو مربع السرعة مقسوما على مسافة القمر الصناعي من مركز الأرض.
نظرا لأن السرعة تساوي المحيط المداري ، 2πr ، مقسوما على الفترة T ، يتم الحصول على علاقة بين تسارع الجاذبية والفترة الزمنية للساتل.

الحركة الدائرية المنتظمة

<div style="direction:rtl">الحركة الدائرية المنتظمة هي نوع محدد من الحركة يتحرك فيها جسم في دائرة بسرعة عددية ثابتة. فمثلاً، أي نقطة على المروحة تدور بمعدل ثابت تمر بحركة دائرية منتظمة. تخضع أيضًا عقارب الثواني والدقائق والساعات في الساعة لحركة دائرية منتظمة. ومن الصعب تصديق أن النقاط الموجودة على هذه الأجسام الدوارة تتسارع بالفعل، على الرغم من أن معدل الدوران ثابت. لفهم ذلك، يجب علينا تحليل الحركة من حيث المتجهات. في علم الحركة أحادي البعد، يكون تسارع الأجسام ذات السرعة العددية الثابتة صفرًا. ومع ذلك، في علم الحركة ثنائي وثلاثي الأبعاد، حتى لو كانت السرعة العددية ثابتة، يمكن أن يكون للجسيم تسارع إذا تحرك على طول مسار منحنٍ، مثل الدائرة. اتجاه متجه التسارع هو نحو مركز الدائرة. هذا تسارع قُطري ويسمى التسارع المركزي. كلمة مركزي تأتي من الكلمات اللاتينية Centrum التي تعني "مركز" ؛ وpetere تعني "السعي"؛ وبذلك يأخذ معنى "الساعي إلى المركز". يمكن أن يكون للتسارع المركزي نطاق واسع من القيم، اعتمادًا على السرعة العددية ونصف قطر انحناء المسار الدائري. هذا النص مقتبس من <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/4-4-uniform-circular-motion">أوبنستاكس، الفيزياء الجامعية المجلد الأول، القسم 4.4: الحركة الدائرية المنتظمة.</a></div>

الحركة الدائرية المنتظمة هي نوع معين من الحركة يتحرك فيها الجسم في دائرة بسرعة ثابتة. على سبيل المثال ، أي نقطة على المروحة ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

الفيزياء

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

الحركة في بُعدين أو ثلاثة أبعاد

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

centripetal acceleration in circular motion

Uniform circular motion describes motion in a circle at constant speed. An object follows a curved path, but its speed does not change. The motion of a point on a propeller spinning at a steady rate and the second, minute, and hour hands of a watch are common examples.

Even with constant speed, these objects are still accelerating. That idea can seem surprising because in one-dimensional motion, constant speed means zero acceleration. In two- and three-dimensional motion, a particle can accelerate if it moves along a curved path such as a circle.

To understand this motion, the direction of the velocity and acceleration vectors matters. The acceleration points toward the center of the circle. This radial acceleration is called centripetal acceleration, and the term means “center seeking.”

Centripetal acceleration can vary over a wide range. Its value depends on the speed of the object and the radius of the circular path. A faster motion or a tighter curve changes the size of the acceleration.

Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion

centripetal-acceleration-in-circular-motion

position and displacement vectors

Describing Motion with Position Changes

Describing motion starts with position. Position tells where an object is at a particular time. It must be measured relative to a frame of reference, which is an arbitrary set of axes used to describe position and motion. Earth is often used as a frame of reference. It helps describe an object’s location in relation to stationary objects on Earth. Many important motions also take place in two dimensions, or in a plane. In those cases, position, velocity, and acceleration can each be described...

average and instantaneous velocity vectors

average-and-instantaneous-velocity-vectors

Position Change and Instant Velocity

Position change and instant velocity are key ideas in kinematics. To describe motion, time must be included. Time tells us where an object is and how fast it is moving. The speed of an object comes from how its position changes with time. Each position is tied to a specific time. When the details of motion at each instant are not important, the rate is given as average velocity. Average velocity is a vector. It equals the total displacement between two points divided by the elapsed time. Real...

acceleration vectors

How Velocity Changes Create Acceleration

Acceleration describes how velocity changes over time. In physics, acceleration is a vector, which means it has both size and direction. It points in the same direction as the change in velocity, written as Δv. The larger the acceleration, the larger the change in velocity over a given time. Because velocity is a vector, it can change in more than one way. An object can speed up, slow down, change direction, or do both at once. A runner traveling 10 km/h due east who stops, turns around, and...

direction of acceleration vectors

Negative Acceleration and Motion Reversal

Acceleration describes a change in velocity. That change can be a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. The acceleration vector points in the direction of the velocity change, not always in the direction the object is moving. When an object slows down, its acceleration points opposite to its motion. This is often called deceleration. The term can be confusing in physics because deceleration is not a vector. It does not give a direction relative to a coordinate system, so the correct...

projectile motion

Projectile Paths Under Gravity

Projectile motion describes the path of an object thrown into the air under Earth’s gravity. The object is called a projectile, and its curved path is called the trajectory. This motion appears in many real situations, such as fireworks, a golf ball in flight, meteors entering Earth’s atmosphere, and bullets being fired. When a falling object has no horizontal movement, it is described as one-dimensional projectile motion. When motion includes both horizontal and vertical parts, it is...

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projectile motion: equations

Solving Projectile Motion with Components

Projectile motion can be solved by breaking the motion into horizontal and vertical components. This approach is used for common examples like a basketball throw, an arrow shot from a bow, and kids jumping into a pool. The motion is then analyzed along the x-axis and y-axis. Start by separating displacement into x and y parts. The horizontal and vertical parts of velocity are also separated. If the projectile has speed v and direction θ relative to the horizontal, the vertical component is...

projectile motion: example

Projectile Motion in Sports and Orbit

Projectile motion helps explain both sports throws and motion near Earth. A javelin thrower uses this idea to send the javelin as far as possible. The thrower also takes a short run-up to increase the initial speed of the javelin. For a projectile on level ground, the range is the horizontal distance it travels. The range is largest at a 45° angle, so javelin throwers try to release the javelin as close to that angle as possible. In this case, the range equation assumes the distance is very...

uniform circular motion

Uniform circular motion describes motion in a circle at constant speed. An object follows a curved path, but its speed does not change. The motion of a point on a propeller spinning at a steady rate and the second, minute, and hour hands of a watch are common examples. Even with constant speed, these objects are still accelerating. That idea can seem surprising because in one-dimensional motion, constant speed means zero acceleration. In two- and three-dimensional motion, a particle can...

non-uniform circular motion

Circular Motion with Changing Speed

Circular motion can happen with changing speed. In this case, the object still follows a circular path, but it may speed up or slow down as it moves. When speed changes during circular motion, the motion is called non-uniform circular motion. This adds tangential acceleration, which points along the path of motion and shows a change in speed. Centripetal acceleration is still present in circular motion. It describes the time rate of change of the direction of the velocity vector and points...

relative velocity in one dimension

Relative Motion in a Train and Earth

Relative motion depends on the reference frame used to measure velocity. A reference frame is the point of view from which motion is described. In many examples, Earth is the reference frame. If someone is said to be sitting in a train moving east at 10 m/s, that speed is measured relative to Earth.

relative velocity in two dimensions

Adding Velocities Across Reference Frames

Relative velocity describes motion as measured from a chosen reference frame. It can also describe the motion of one reference frame compared with another. In two dimensions, this idea helps track how position and velocity change from frame to frame. Consider a particle P and two reference frames, S and S′. The position of the origin of S′, measured in S, and the position of P, measured in S′, can be combined with vector addition to find the position of P in S. This relation shows how motion...

key terms and concepts

Learn how constant-speed motion in a circle still involves acceleration, why the acceleration points inward, and how speed and radius affect centripetal acceleration.

Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

PHYS.5

PHYS.5.D

Florida Department of Education

Physical Science

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.2

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SP2.

Circular Motion

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Use models to illustrate the formation of the solar system.

ESS.EES.1.1

Uniform circular motion is a specific type of motion in which an object travels in a circle with a constant speed. For example, any point on a propeller ...

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Energy Dynamics

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ESS.EES.1.3

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What is Weather?

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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave&#39;s momentum ...

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:

where &#963; is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...

Construct an explanation to infer how incoming solar radiation interacts with Earth systems to support life.

ESS.EES.1.4

Explain how Earth's position relative to the sun influences conditions on Earth.

Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion

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