Name: nuclear reprogramming in cloning and stem cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:10:44.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

links-among-engineering-technology-science-and-society

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process that transforms a cell into an unrelated cell type. It can be experimentally achieved through two methods &#8212; direct and indirect.
Indirect reprogramming involves the implantation of a nucleus from a cell into a new cytoplasmic environment, inducing epigenetic changes, such as chromatin decondensation, DNA demethylation, and histone acetylation.
These changes in the chromatin structure alter the accessibility of genes to various transcription factors and modifies the gene expression pattern.
Alternatively, cells may be directly reprogrammed by introducing genes which express specific reprogramming factors that modulate cell fate.
Post reprogramming, the cells can de-differentiate or transdifferentiate, meaning they can return to the original state of pluripotency or directly convert into another cell type without acquiring pluripotency.
In some cases, nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells can generate totipotent cells that can further develop into an early-stage embryo.

introduction to nuclear reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in the fields of molecular medicine, biotechnology, and oncology.
A Brief History
In 1952, Briggs and King transplanted a nucleus from a frog blastula into an enucleated frog egg. The resulting embryo developed into a normal tadpole, demonstrating nuclear reprogramming. A few years later, Gurdon and colleagues performed a similar experiment using the nuclei of intestinal epithelia from adult frogs. Despite the nucleus being fully differentiated and specialized, the transplanted eggs developed into swimming tadpoles. This experiment led to the first use of the word &#34;clone&#34; in reference to animals.
Dolly - The First Clone
Dolly was the first animal cloned from an adult somatic cell. Nuclei from the mammary gland cells of an adult sheep were harvested and transferred to an enucleated sheep ovum in a procedure called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The egg was then transplanted into a female sheep, who carried it to term and gave birth to Dolly. This successful cloning spawned attempts to clone other mammals. Examples of successfully cloned mammals include&#160; deer, pigs, and horses.
Serial Nuclear Transplant
One of the major applications of nuclear reprogramming is the production of pluripotent stem cells. The first round of nuclear transplant from differentiated somatic cells into enucleated eggs produces fully viable pluripotent stem cells in scarce proportions. Most embryos from transplanted eggs are not fully reprogrammed; however, grafting these cells into normal embryos increases the proportion of reprogrammed cells. Thus serial nuclear transplantation is a more efficient method of obtaining pluripotent stem cells.

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Regeneration and Repair

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

nuclear reprogramming in cloning and stem cells

Nuclear reprogramming changes the gene expression of one cell type to match another cell type. It often shifts a differentiated cell into a more undifferentiated state. This process is important during development, morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy.

Cells can also be reprogrammed with laboratory methods. These include nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Scientists use these approaches in molecular medicine, biotechnology, and oncology.

A classic early example came in 1952, when Briggs and King moved a nucleus from a frog blastula into an egg that had its own nucleus removed. The embryo developed into a normal tadpole. This result showed that nuclear reprogramming could restore developmental potential.

A few years later, Gurdon and colleagues repeated this idea with nuclei from adult frog intestinal epithelial cells. Even though these nuclei came from fully specialized cells, the transplanted eggs still developed into swimming tadpoles. That work also led to the first use of the word clone for animals.

Dolly was the first animal cloned from an adult somatic cell. In somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT, nuclei from adult sheep mammary gland cells were placed into an enucleated sheep ovum. The egg was then implanted into a female sheep, which carried the pregnancy to term and gave birth to Dolly. This success encouraged cloning efforts in other mammals, including deer, pigs, and horses.

Nuclear reprogramming is also used to make pluripotent stem cells. In the first round of nuclear transplant from differentiated somatic cells into enucleated eggs, fully viable pluripotent stem cells appear only in small numbers. Most embryos made this way are not fully reprogrammed. However, grafting these cells into normal embryos can raise the number of reprogrammed cells. This serial nuclear transplantation method is a more efficient way to obtain pluripotent stem cells.

Nuclear Reprogramming in Cloning and Stem Cells

nuclear-reprogramming-in-cloning-and-stem-cells

overview of regeneration and repair

How Tissues Regrow and Heal After Injury

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whole body regeneration

Planarian Regeneration and Body Patterning

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The liver can repair itself after injury, and this process depends on several specialized liver cells. The liver also has key jobs in metabolism. It stores and redistributes carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins. It also releases bile salts, which help digest food and remove toxic metabolites from the body. The liver contains four major cell types: hepatocytes, stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatocytes are large, polyhedral epithelial cells. They store glycogen,...

stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration

stem-cell-therapy-for-tissue-regeneration

Stem Cell Repair in Blood and Tissues

Stem cell therapy is used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues and organs and help restore function. Stem cells can multiply and change into different tissue types, which makes them useful for tissue repair. One common example is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is used in blood cancer treatment to replace damaged bone marrow and rebuild healthy blood cells. Two main stem cell types are used in stem cell therapy: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells, or ESCs.

Nuclear reprogramming changes the gene expression of one cell type to match another cell type. It often shifts a differentiated cell into a more undifferentiated state. This process is important during development, morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be reprogrammed with laboratory methods. These include nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Scientists use these approaches in molecular medicine, biotechnology, and oncology. A classic early...

methods of nuclear reprogramming

How Nuclear Reprogramming Changes Cell Fate

Nuclear reprogramming changes one cell type into another by epigenetic changes that shift gene expression. Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence itself. Instead, they change which genes a cell turns on or off. This process has uses in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and in regenerative medicine, where patient-specific cells may help with injury repair. A key step in nuclear reprogramming is opening the DNA inside the nucleus so regulatory proteins can reach it. Cells...

cloning of dolly the sheep

How Dolly the Sheep Was Cloned

Dolly the sheep was the first successfully cloned mammal. She was born on 5 July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, and her name came from the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years, and she died from respiratory complications. Scientists think her shortened life may have been linked to the age of the DNA used to make her. In cloned cells, the DNA comes from an older individual. Analysis of Dolly’s DNA also showed shorter telomeres than those in other sheep of the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how nuclear reprogramming changes cell identity, from frog experiments and Dolly the sheep to SCNT and stem cell production.

Nuclear Reprogramming in Cloning and Stem Cells | JoVE K12

cell biology

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Nuclear Reprogramming in Cloning and Stem Cells

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