Name: how dolly the sheep was cloned
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:47.000Z
Duration: 1 min 8 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Reproductive cloning is a technique of producing a genetically identical copy &#8212; a clone &#8212; of a multicellular organism.
The first-ever mammal produced using reproductive cloning was a sheep.
In this experiment, mammary gland cells isolated from an adult Finn Dorset sheep were cultured on media.
After a few cycles of cell division, the cultured cells were deprived of serum nutrients to arrest them in the G0 phase of the cell cycle.
Meanwhile, an egg from a Scottish blackface sheep was enucleated.
Next, the cultured mammary gland cells were fused with the enucleated eggs using brief electric pulses.
The electric pulses also stimulated cell division in the fused cell, generating a blastocyst &#8212; an early-stage embryo.
The blastocyst was then implanted into a surrogate Scottish blackface sheep, where it developed into a fetus.
Five months later, a healthy lamb named Dolly was born that shared genetic and morphological features with a Finn Dorset sheep.

cloning of dolly the sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in&#160;cloned cells belongs to an older individual,&#160; the cloned individual&#8217;s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly&#8217;s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other sheep of the same age. Despite the low success rate and common abnormalities of the face, limb, and heart, Dolly&#8217;s cloning paved the way for cloning in other animals, including horses, bulls, and goats.
Cloning versus Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction requires two haploid cells, the egg and the sperm, which fuse to produce a diploid zygote. Whereas the zygote nucleus contains the genetic information to produce a new individual, early embryonic development also requires the cytoplasmic material in the egg cell. The idea that the cytoplasm of an egg can induce a somatic nucleus to develop into an embryo forms the basis for reproductive cloning.
Reproductive cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals or clones. The clones share the same set of genetic material as the donor individual and thus share similar phenotypes as the donor. While Dolly was cloned by the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, the embryo splitting method can also be used to produce clones.
Cloning by Embryo Splitting
Cloning by embryo splitting is a recent method in reproductive biotechnology that produces clones using in vitro fertilization (IVF). The process begins with the in vitro fertilization of sperm and egg to produce&#160;a zygote. Following zygotic division, the cells are separated at the 4-cell stage. Each cell is then allowed to develop as an individual embryo. The identical blastocysts are then implanted into the uterus for gestation.

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Regeneration and Repair

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

how dolly the sheep was cloned

Dolly the sheep was the first successfully cloned mammal. She was born on 5 July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, and her name came from the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years, and she died from respiratory complications.

Scientists think her shortened life may have been linked to the age of the DNA used to make her. In cloned cells, the DNA comes from an older individual. Analysis of Dolly’s DNA also showed shorter telomeres than those in other sheep of the same age.

Dolly’s cloning helped launch the field of animal cloning, even though the method had a low success rate and could cause abnormalities in the face, limbs, and heart. After Dolly, cloning was used in other animals, including horses, bulls, and goats.

Reproductive cloning makes genetically identical individuals, or clones. Clones share the same genetic material as the donor, so they usually show similar traits. This process depends on the egg cell cytoplasm, which can help a somatic nucleus develop into an embryo.

Sexual reproduction is different because it starts with two haploid cells, the egg and the sperm. These fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote nucleus carries the genetic information for a new individual, but early development also needs the egg’s cytoplasmic material.

Dolly was made by somatic cell nuclear transfer, but embryo splitting can also produce clones. In embryo splitting, sperm and egg are fertilized in vitro, which means outside the body, to form a zygote. After the zygote divides, the cells are separated at the 4-cell stage and each one develops into an embryo. The identical blastocysts are then implanted into the uterus for gestation.

How Dolly the Sheep Was Cloned

overview of regeneration and repair

How Tissues Regrow and Heal After Injury

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whole body regeneration

Planarian Regeneration and Body Patterning

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liver regeneration

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stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration

stem-cell-therapy-for-tissue-regeneration

Stem Cell Repair in Blood and Tissues

Stem cell therapy is used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues and organs and help restore function. Stem cells can multiply and change into different tissue types, which makes them useful for tissue repair. One common example is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is used in blood cancer treatment to replace damaged bone marrow and rebuild healthy blood cells. Two main stem cell types are used in stem cell therapy: adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells, or ESCs.

introduction to nuclear reprogramming

Nuclear Reprogramming in Cloning and Stem Cells

Nuclear reprogramming changes the gene expression of one cell type to match another cell type. It often shifts a differentiated cell into a more undifferentiated state. This process is important during development, morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be reprogrammed with laboratory methods. These include nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Scientists use these approaches in molecular medicine, biotechnology, and oncology. A classic early...

methods of nuclear reprogramming

How Nuclear Reprogramming Changes Cell Fate

Nuclear reprogramming changes one cell type into another by epigenetic changes that shift gene expression. Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence itself. Instead, they change which genes a cell turns on or off. This process has uses in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and in regenerative medicine, where patient-specific cells may help with injury repair. A key step in nuclear reprogramming is opening the DNA inside the nucleus so regulatory proteins can reach it. Cells...

Dolly the sheep was the first successfully cloned mammal. She was born on 5 July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, and her name came from the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years, and she died from respiratory complications. Scientists think her shortened life may have been linked to the age of the DNA used to make her. In cloned cells, the DNA comes from an older individual. Analysis of Dolly’s DNA also showed shorter telomeres than those in other sheep of the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how Dolly became the first cloned mammal, why telomeres mattered, and how reproductive cloning compares with sexual reproduction and embryo splitting.

How Dolly the Sheep Was Cloned | JoVE K12

cell biology

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
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EXPLANATION: Engineers incorporate growing scientific knowledge in order to increase benefits to humans and decrease cost and risks. Karyotyping technology and its use in medical diagnosis can complement the standards from LS3: Hereditary: Inheritance, and Variation of Traits, as the students are learning about chromosomal organization of genomic information that determines one's phenotype. Analyze a large set of karyotypes to identify common patterns. Identify variations from the most commonly observed patterns and correlate them with patient phenotypes to propose a cause and effect relationship, discussing limitations of correlative data interpretation.

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EXPLANATION: The utilization of new technologies in any field of science is dependent on both economic and social factors. In addition to evaluating these factors, scientists must also consider long-term consequences that may not be initially apparent. The emphasis should be on the construction of a rationale argument that supports a position on the use of an application with ethical and social impact. Students should begin to appreciate the differences in ethical values that exist, and recognize that discussion of these values is imperative as knowledge and technology continue to advance, even when resolutions of differences can be rare. After investigation of a specific biotechnology application, students can write a position paper and/or participate in a classroom debate.

How Dolly the Sheep Was Cloned

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