Name: hyphenated mass spectrometry methods
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:34.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

يتطلب تحليل المخاليط المعقدة مزيجا من طرق الفصل وقياس الطيف الكتلي بالتسلسل ، والتي تسمى الطرق الواصلة.
GC-MS هي الطريقة الواصلة الأكثر شيوعا ، حيث يتم فصل خليط متطاير مستقر حراريا بواسطة كروماتوغرافيا الغاز ، ويتم إرسال إخراج العمود باستمرار إلى مطياف الكتلة للتأين والتحليل.
وبالمثل ، فإن LC-MS عبارة عن كروماتوغرافيا سائلة مقترنة بمطياف الكتلة.
عادة ، يتم فصل خليط من المركبات القطبية أو الأيونية غير المتطايرة بواسطة كروماتوغرافيا سائلة ، ويتم تأين الإخراج عن طريق تأين الرش الكهربائي قبل إرساله إلى محلل الكتلة.
ومع ذلك ، غالبا ما تستخدم المخاليط ذات الجزيئات الأقل قطبية طرق تأين أخرى للضغط الجوي.
قياس الطيف الكتلي الترادفي هو طريقة هجينة أخرى للتحليل ، حيث يتم توصيل محللي كتلة في سلسلة.
على عكس GC-MS و LC-MS ، يوفر قياس الطيف الكتلي الترادفي الفصل في أجزاء من الثانية ، وهو أكثر حساسية وانتقائية.
ومن المثير للاهتمام ، أنه يمكن تحليل الخلائط المعقدة للغاية عن طريق اقتران GC أو LC مع قياس الطيف الكتلي الترادفي ، وتشكيل GC-MS / MS و LC-MS / MS.

مطيافية الكتلة: التحليل المركب

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

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يعد مطيافية الكتلة تقنية مهمة لتحديد المركبات النقية. ومع ذلك، هناك بعض القيود على تحليل المخاليط المعقدة، وغالبًا ما يكون ذلك بسبب التجزئة المفرطة مما يجعل الطيف معقدًا للغاية بحيث لا يمكن فك شفرته. يمكن دمج مطيافية الكتلة مع طرق فصل مناسبة بالتسلسل، مما يشكل طرقًا موصولة، والتي تكون مفيدة في تحليل المخاليط المعقدة.

GC-MS هي طريقة موصولة قوية تستخدم بشكل شائع في مختبرات الطب الشرعي والبيئية للتحليل الدقيق للمخاليط. يستخدم الفصل اللوني للغاز أعمدة شعرية ضيقة لفصل مكونات خليط متطاير مستقر حرارياً وتمريرها إلى مطياف الكتلة لتحليلها.

LC-MS هي طريقة موصولة أخرى تجمع بين التحليل اللوني السائل ومطياف الكتلة لتحليل الخلائط غير المتطايرة. لجعل التحليل اللوني السائل متوافقًا مع مطياف الكتلة، يتم استخدام واجهات التأين المناسبة للحفاظ على الضغط أو تقنيات التأين بالضغط الجوي مثل التأين بالرش الكهربائي، والذي ينطبق على المركبات القطبية والأيونية، أو التأين الكيميائي بالضغط الجوي، والذي ينطبق على الجزيئات الأقل قطبية. مستخدم.

هناك طريقة هجينة أخرى، تسمى التحليل الطيفي الكتلي الترادفي، تستخدم أجهزة تحليل الكتلة المتعددة بالتسلسل. بالمقارنة مع الطرق الواصلة الأخرى، يعد التحليل الطيفي الترادفي أسرع وأكثر حساسية وأكثر انتقائية بسبب الضوضاء الكيميائية الأصغر. يمكن أيضًا دمج التحليل الطيفي الترادفي مع تقنيات الفصل لتكوين GC-MS/MS أو LC-MS/MS لتحليل خليط أكثر تعقيدًا.

يعد الرحلان الكهربي الشعري - مطيافية الكتلة تقنية حساسة للغاية تستخدم عادة لتحليل الجزيئات الحيوية الكبيرة مثل الحمض النووي والبروتينات والبيبتيدات. تعمل هذه الطريقة على تغذية محللات الكتلة الرباعية بالنفايات السائلة الشعرية بعد المرور عبر واجهة التأين بالرش الكهربائي.
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يتطلب تحليل المخاليط المعقدة مزيجا من طرق الفصل وقياس الطيف الكتلي بالتسلسل ، والتي تسمى الطرق الواصلة.
GC - MS ...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

الكيمياء التحليلية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Principles of Mass Spectrometry

مبادئ مطيافية الكتلة

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

hyphenated mass spectrometry methods

Mass spectrometry can be paired with separation methods to study complex mixtures. This combination is called a hyphenated method. It helps when a pure mass spectrum is too hard to read because a mixture causes too much fragmentation and too many overlapping signals.

GC-MS is one common hyphenated method. GC stands for gas chromatography, which separates volatile, thermally stable compounds in narrow capillary columns before they enter the mass spectrometer. This approach is widely used in forensic and environmental laboratories for precise mixture analysis.

LC-MS is another important option for nonvolatile mixtures. LC stands for liquid chromatography, and it must be linked to the mass spectrometer with pressure-maintaining ionization interfaces or atmospheric-pressure ionization methods. Electrospray ionization works well for polar and ionic compounds, while atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization is used for less polar molecules.

Tandem mass spectroscopy uses multiple mass analyzers in sequence. Compared with other hyphenated methods, it is faster, more sensitive, and more selective because it creates less chemical noise. Tandem methods can also be combined with separation steps to form GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS for even more complex samples.

Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry is another sensitive hybrid technique. It is commonly used to analyze large biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and polypeptides. In this method, capillary effluents pass through an electrospray ionization interface and into quadrupole mass analyzers.

Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Methods

mass spectrometry: overview

Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Identity

Mass spectrometry helps identify a compound by measuring its molecular mass and molecular formula. It does this by turning the analyte molecule into ions and then comparing ion abundance with mass-to-charge ratio. One common ionization method is electron ionization, or EI. In EI, high-energy electron beams strike analyte molecules in the gas phase. The beam removes an electron and leaves a molecular ion behind. A molecular ion is a radical cation, so it has a positive charge and an unpaired...

mass spectrometry: isotope effect

Isotope Peaks in Mass Spectra

Isotope peaks in mass spectra show how natural isotope mixtures change the signal of a molecule. Most elements occur as a mix of isotopes, which are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Because isotopes have different masses, the same fragment can appear at more than one position in a spectrum. The mass of a molecule depends on which isotopes are present in its atoms. The size of each isotope peak also depends on how common those isotopes are in nature. Carbon is a...

mass spectrometry: molecular fragmentation overview

mass-spectrometry-molecular-fragmentation-overview

Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation Patterns

Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns show how a molecular ion breaks apart after ionization. When a molecule loses an electron inside the mass spectrometer, its structure becomes unstable. The ion then fragments at bonds that often produce the most stable pieces. One common pattern is cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. This break forms a radical and a cation. The bond can split in more than one way, but the favored path is the one that gives the more stable carbocation rather...

mass spectrometers

How Mass Spectrometers Sort Ions

A mass spectrometer sorts charged ions by their mass-to-charge ratio and records their relative abundance. It turns vaporized analyte molecules into ions, separates them, and then measures the signal from each type of ion. The process begins in the ionization chamber. The analyte is in the gas phase inside a vacuum, and it is struck by high-energy electrons. The electrons have about 70 eV of energy, which is enough to remove an electron from the analyte and form a molecular ion. After...

mass spectrum

Reading Peaks in a Mass Spectrum

A mass spectrum shows the charged fragments in an analyte as peaks plotted by mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. The x-axis gives the mass of each charged fragment divided by the number of charges it carries. The y-axis shows the relative abundance of each charged species based on the signal intensity recorded at the detector. The tallest peak is called the base peak. It is assigned an abundance of 100%, and the other peaks are scaled against it. The peak from the molecular ion is called the parent...

mass spectrum: interpretation

Decoding Molecular Ions in Mass Spectra

Mass spectra help scientists identify an unknown compound by finding the molecular ion peak. The molecular ion peak shows the mass of the intact molecule, but it is often weak or missing because high-energy electron beams cause strong fragmentation. When that happens, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum and improve the molecular ion signal. Other ionization methods can also give a stronger molecular ion peak. Chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption...

mass analyzers: overview

Mass Analyzers and Ion Separation

Mass analyzers separate ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z, in a mass spectrometer. After a sample is vaporized in the ionization chamber, it is hit with a high-energy electron beam. This creates a radical cation and also produces neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. Negatively charged accelerator plates then push the cations into the mass analyzer, where they are sent on to the detector. Several mass analyzer designs are commonly used. These include magnetic sector,...

mass analyzers: common types

Quadrupole, TOF, and Ion Trap Analyzers

Quadrupole, time-of-flight, and ion trap mass analyzers each separate ions in a different way. They are common tools in mass spectrometry and help sort ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. A quadrupole mass analyzer uses four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond shape. The rods carry a direct current, or DC, voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. Ion motion depends on the field strength, so only ions with a certain m/z resonate and reach the detector at that setting. This...

high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms)

Mass Accuracy in HRMS Analysis

High-resolution mass spectrometry separates ions by very small differences in mass. This matters because atomic masses are not always exact whole numbers, even though they are often rounded for simple calculations. Atomic mass is usually estimated by adding the masses of protons and neutrons. In reality, the proton and neutron do not have exactly the same mass. That creates small differences when atomic masses are compared to the simplest hydrogen atom. Helium, for example, is made of 2...

mass spectrometry: complex analysis

Mass spectrometry can be paired with separation methods to study complex mixtures. This combination is called a hyphenated method. It helps when a pure mass spectrum is too hard to read because a mixture causes too much fragmentation and too many overlapping signals. GC-MS is one common hyphenated method. GC stands for gas chromatography, which separates volatile, thermally stable compounds in narrow capillary columns before they enter the mass spectrometer. This approach is widely used in...

tandem mass spectrometry

MS/MS Scan Modes and Fragment Ions

Tandem mass spectrometry uses two or more mass analyzers in series to improve selectivity and lower chemical noise during analyte detection. A set of analyzers separated by an interaction cell lets the instrument break ions apart and study the fragment ions that form. Fragmentation happens in the interaction cell and can be caused in several ways. Collision-induced dissociation, or CID, uses inert gases such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. Other methods include surface-induced dissociation...

gas chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry (gc&ndash;ms)

How GC-MS Separates and Identifies Compounds

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) separates compounds in a mixture and then identifies them. A gas chromatograph first splits the mixture into its parts. A mass spectrometer then analyzes each part on its own to determine molecular masses and molecular structures. The gas chromatograph uses a long, narrow capillary column. The inner wall of the column has a polysiloxane coating. This coating serves as the stationary phase. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and low polarity.

inductively coupled plasma&#8211;mass spectrometry (icp&#8211;ms): overview

inductively-coupled-plasmamass-spectrometry-icpms-overview

ICP-MS Sample Ionization and Detection

ICP-MS uses an inductively coupled plasma torch to turn samples into ions for mass analysis. Solid samples are first dissolved and volatilized before they enter the hot argon plasma. Solution samples are nebulized, which means they are converted into a fine spray, and then passed through the same plasma. Inside the plasma, the analytes break apart. Their atoms become positively charged ions, along with some molecular species. These positive ions are sent to the mass spectrometer, where they...

inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (icp-ms): interferences

inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms-interferences

ICP-MS Signal Interference Sources and Fixes

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a sensitive method for elemental analysis, but its spectra can be affected by interferences. These interferences can make the mass signal less accurate, even when the instrument is working well. Spectroscopic interferences happen when ions in the plasma have the same mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z, as the analyte ion. This group includes isobaric interferences, polyatomic ion interferences, and refractory oxide ion interferences. Isobaric...

key terms and concepts

Learn how GC-MS, LC-MS, tandem mass spectroscopy, and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry help analyze complex mixtures in forensic, environmental, and biomolecule studies.

Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Methods | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Methods

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