Name: op-amp adders and subtractors
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

يستخدم مكبر للصوت ، أو الفادر ، مكبر للصوت تشغيلي لدمج إشارات إدخال متعددة في إخراج واحد.
على العكس من ذلك ، يعمل مضخم الفرق ، أو المنكر ، على تضخيم الفرق بين إشارتي إدخال.
ضع في اعتبارك دائرة خلاط الصوت مع مكبر للصوت التشغيلي.
عندما يتم تغذية الإشارات الصوتية في قنوات الإدخال ، تولد مقاومات الإدخال تيارات تتدفق عبر مقاومات التغذية الراجعة ، مما ينتج عنه جهد إخراج.
باستخدام قانون كيرشوف الحالي في عقدة إدخال المرجع أمبير جنبا إلى جنب مع قانون أوم ، يتناسب جهد الخرج الناتج مع المجموع المرجح لإشارات الإدخال.
يمكن لدائرة مضخم الصوت التفاضلية الأساسية أن تقلل جزئيا من ضوضاء مسار الصوت في هذا المزيج.
يؤدي تطبيق KCL في العقد المقلوبة وغير المقلوبة إلى معادلتين. مع الفولتية المتساوية عبر كلتا العقدتين ، يتم الحصول على تعبير جهد الإخراج.
يمكن لمضخم الفرق إبطال الإشارات الشائعة لكلا المدخلين فقط عندما تفي نسب المقاومة بشروط معينة. نتيجة لذلك ، يتم الحصول على ناتج تفاضلي.
عندما تساوي المقاومة R2 R1 ، و R3 تساوي R4 ، يعمل مضخم الفرق كناقل.

الجمع والفرق بين المضخمات العملياتية

<div style="direction:rtl">مكبرات الصوت التشغيلية (op-amps) هي أجهزة متعددة الاستخدامات تتجاوز نطاق التضخيم. في هذا السياق، تم استكشاف تكوينين محددين للمضخم التشغيلي: مضخمات الجمع والفرق. يستخدم مضخم التجميع، أو المُجمِّع، مضخم تشغيلي لدمج إشارات إدخال متعددة في إشارة خرج واحدة. عندما يتم إدخال الإشارات الصوتية إلى قنوات الإدخال، تقوم مقاومات الإدخال بإطلاق تيارات تجتاز مقاومات التغذية المرتدة، مما يؤدي إلى إنتاج جهد الخرج. وبتطبيق قانون كيرشوف الحالي وقانون أوم، يصبح جهد الخرج مجموعًا مرجحًا لإشارات الدخل. تلعب دائرة المضخم التشغيلي التفاضلي الأساسية هذه دورًا في تخفيف ضوضاء المسار الصوتي في تطبيقات مزج الصوت. <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15079/15079_PT_Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 32px;"> على العكس من ذلك، فإن مكبر الصوت الفرقي، والذي يُطلق عليه غالبًا جهاز الطرح، يعمل على تضخيم التباين بين إشارتي دخل. تم إنشاء معادلتين من خلال تطبيق قانون كيرشوف الحالي على العقد المقلوبة وغير المقلوبة. يتم اشتقاق تعبير جهد الخرج عند وجود جهود متساوية عبر كلا العقدتين. ومع ذلك، يجب استيفاء شروط نسبة المقاومة المحددة حتى يتمكن مضخم الاختلاف من إبطال الإشارات المشتركة بين المدخلات. عندما تكون المقاومة في الفروع المقابلة متساوية، يعمل مضخم الفرق كجهاز طرح. <img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15079/15079_PT_Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 32px;"> باختصار، توفر مكبرات الصوت التشغيلية التضخيم والقدرة على أداء مهام الجمع والطرح. يجمع مضخم الجمع بين المدخلات في مجموع مرجح. يعمل مضخم الاختلاف على تضخيم التفاوت بين مدخلين ويرفض الإشارات المشتركة. إن فهم هذه التكوينات يفتح الباب أمام العديد من التطبيقات العملية في معالجة الإشارات وتصميم الدوائر.</div>

يستخدم مكبر للصوت ، أو الفادر ، مكبر للصوت تشغيلي لدمج إشارات إدخال متعددة في إخراج واحد.
على العكس من ذلك ، هناك فرق ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

الهندسة الكهربائية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Operational Amplifiers

المكبرات التشغيلية

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

Sum and Difference OpAmps

op-amp adders and subtractors

Operational amplifiers can be wired to add or subtract signals. In these two op-amp setups, the summing amplifier combines several input signals into one output, while the difference amplifier compares two inputs and amplifies their difference.

A summing amplifier is also called an adder. Input signals, such as audio signals, enter through input resistors. These resistors send currents through the feedback resistor, which produces an output voltage. Using Kirchhoff's current law and Ohm's Law, the output becomes a weighted sum of the inputs. This type of circuit can help reduce noise in audio mixer applications.

A difference amplifier is also called a subtractor. It amplifies the difference between two input signals. To describe its behavior, two equations are written by applying Kirchhoff's current law at the inverting and non-inverting nodes. When equal voltages appear across both nodes, an output voltage expression can be derived. Specific resistance ratios must be met for the circuit to cancel signals that are common to both inputs. When the resistances in the matching branches are equal, the difference amplifier works as a subtractor.

These op-amp circuits show that operational amplifiers do more than boost signals. They can perform addition and subtraction in circuit design. The summing amplifier creates a weighted total of multiple inputs, and the difference amplifier rejects common signals while highlighting the difference between two inputs. These ideas are useful in signal processing and many practical electronics applications.

Op-Amp Adders and Subtractors

operational amplifiers

Operational Amplifier Pinout and Signal Use

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a flexible circuit building block used in many electronic designs. It can act like a voltage-controlled voltage source, and it can also be used to create a voltage- or current-controlled current source. When resistors and capacitors are connected to its terminals, an op-amp can perform mathematical operations on signals. Op-amps are able to sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate it. These features make them useful in practical...

characteristics of opamp

Op-Amp Gain, Feedback, and Saturation

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is an electronic circuit component used with other circuit parts to carry out a signal-processing task. It is often described with an equivalent circuit model. In that model, the output section includes a voltage-controlled source in parallel with the output resistance, R o. The model also shows the input resistance, R i, which is the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the input terminals. The differential input voltage, v d, is the difference between...

design example: vintage mixing console

Op-Amp Preamp for a Vintage Console

A sound engineer designs an op-amp pre-amplifier for a vintage mixing console. The console’s output is too low for modern recording equipment, so the signal must be boosted before it can be used. The goal is to build a preamp that raises the audio level without changing the console’s character. The design must meet three clear requirements. It needs a gain of 10, an input impedance above 10 kilo-ohms so the console is not overloaded, and a frequency range that covers the full audio spectrum...

inverting and non-inverting opamps

Op-Amp Gain: Inverting, Noninverting, Buffer

Operational amplifiers can be used as inverting, noninverting, and buffer amplifiers. In these circuits, the output voltage depends on the input voltage and the resistor setup around the op-amp. In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is sent through a resistor to the inverting terminal. The non-inverting terminal is grounded, and a feedback resistor links the inverting terminal to the output. Using Kirchhoff's Current Law and an ideal op-amp model, the gain can be found. This circuit...

sum and difference opamps

Operational amplifiers can be wired to add or subtract signals. In these two op-amp setups, the summing amplifier combines several input signals into one output, while the difference amplifier compares two inputs and amplifies their difference. A summing amplifier is also called an adder. Input signals, such as audio signals, enter through input resistors. These resistors send currents through the feedback resistor, which produces an output voltage. Using Kirchhoff's current law and Ohm's Law,...

characteristics of practical op amps

Op Amp Noise Rejection and Buffering

Practical op amps are used to separate useful signals from unwanted noise. A difference amplifier should ideally amplify only the difference between two input signals. In real circuits, though, the output depends on both differential gain and common-mode gain. The common-mode rejection ratio, or CMRR, measures how well an op amp rejects common-mode signals. Common-mode signals are the same on both inputs. A higher CMRR helps an op amp ignore noise and amplify the wanted signal, such as music...

integrator and differentiator

Op-Amp Circuits in Cruise Control

Op-amp circuits are used in cruise control systems to help cars keep a constant speed. In these systems, operational amplifiers, or op-amps, can work as integrators and differentiators. Both circuits use resistors and capacitors, which makes them compact and cost-effective. An integrator circuit produces an output that is proportional to the integral of the input signal. It is made by replacing the feedback resistor in a standard inverting amplifier with a capacitor. The output and input...

cascaded op amps

Op Amp Stages in Series

Operational amplifiers can be connected in series as separate stages. This cascade works because op-amps have very high input resistance and very low output resistance. Those properties help each stage keep its input-output relationship while driving the next stage. In a cascaded op-amp circuit, the output of one stage becomes the input of the next. Each stage adds gain to the signal as it passes through. The overall gain is the product of the gain of each stage. This design can improve...

instrumentation amplifier

ECG Signal Amplifier Design

An ECG signal amplifier helps an electrocardiography machine measure the heart’s electrical activity. ECG electrodes detect tiny voltage changes on the skin that come from depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. These signals are in the microvolt range, so they can be easily hidden by noise or interference. To solve this problem, ECG machines use an instrumentation amplifier. This amplifier boosts the ECG waveform while reducing common-mode noise, which is interference that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how op-amp adders and subtractors combine signals, compare two inputs, and use resistor ratios to create weighted sums and signal rejection.

Op-Amp Adders and Subtractors | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Op-Amp Adders and Subtractors

Description

Transcript