Name: how strain gauges measure deformation
Uploaded: 2024-05-23T12:59:55.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

تقيس السلالة التشوه أو الإزاحة في المادة. يتم حساب الإجهاد العادي من خلال مقارنة الأطوال قبل وبعد تطبيق الحمل.
تتضمن الطريقة الأكثر دقة لقياس السلالات العادية استخدام مقاييس الإجهاد الكهربائي التي تتكون من سلك رفيع مثبت على قطعتين من الورق.
عندما تستطيل المادة ، يزداد طول السلك ، ويقل قطره ، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة المقاومة الكهربائية. قياس هذا التغيير في التيار يحدد الإجهاد الدقيق.
يمكن تحديد مكونات الإجهاد عند نقطة معينة عن طريق قياس الإجهاد الطبيعي عبر المحاور المرسومة عبر تلك النقطة. يحدد القياس الثالث على طول منصف الزاوية التي تشكلها المحاور إجهاد القص.
يتم إجراء قياسات الإجهاد على طول ثلاثة خطوط مرسومة من خلال نقطة ، وتشكيل الزوايا الخاصة بالمحور الأفقي.
يتم استبدال قياسات الإجهاد المقابلة في معادلة الإجهاد العادية لتشكيل ثلاث معادلات لقياس الإجهاد.
يطلق على ترتيب مقاييس الإجهاد المستخدمة لقياس السلالات وردة الإجهاد ، عادة في تكوينات 45 درجة أو 60 درجة.

قياسات الانفعال

Measurements of Strain

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 يقيس الانفعال تشوه المادة تحت القوة، ويتم قياسه عادةً على أنه انفعال عادي، والذي يمثل التغير في الطول بالمقارنة مع الطول الأصلي. يتم استخدام مقاييس الضغط الكهربائي لتعزيز الدقة. تتكون هذه الأجهزة من سلك موصل مثبت على غلاف ورقي يلتصق بسطح المادة. تعمل هذه المقاييس على تأثير التجويف، حيث تتغير المقاومة الكهربائية للسلك استجابة للتشوه الميكانيكي. يتم ضبط مقياس الانفعال مع إطالة المادة أو ضغطها، مما يغير مقاومة السلك بشكل متناسب مع الانفعال الذي يتعرض له.
 
 لفهم الانفعال بشكل شامل عند نقطة مادية محددة، ضع في اعتبارك الانفعالات العادية وانفعالات القص، والتي تمثل تغيرات الشكل عند حجم ثابت. يتطلب هذا التحليل أجهزة قياس ضغط متعددة مرتبة في اتجاهات مختلفة. يتم إجراء قياسات الانفعال عادةً على طول خطوط محددة بزوايا محددة لمحور أفقي، مع استخدام هذه القراءات لحساب مكونات الانفعال الإجمالية.
 
 يتيح شريط قياس الضغط، التي تضع عدة مقاييس في تكوينات مثل 0° و45° و90° أو 0° و60° و120°، إجراء قياسات متزامنة متعددة الاتجاهات للضغط. يعد مثل هذا الترتيب أمرًا محوريًا لتحليل الضغط التفصيلي عند نقطة معينة ويستخدم على نطاق واسع في التحليل الهيكلي واختبار المواد والتحقق من صحة الجزء. تعتبر هذه المنهجيات حيوية للمهندسين لتقييم سلوك المواد، وتعزيز تصميم الهياكل الهندسية وسلامتها.
 
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تقيس السلالة التشوه أو الإزاحة في المادة. يتم حساب الإجهاد العادي من خلال مقارنة الأطوال قبل وبعد تطبيق الحمل.
أكثر ...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

الهندسة الميكانيكية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Transformations of Stress and Strain

تحويلات الإجهاد والانفعال

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

how strain gauges measure deformation

Strain describes how a material deforms when a force is applied. Normal strain compares the change in length with the original length. Engineers use this measure to track stretching or compression in materials.

For higher accuracy, they often use electrical strain gauges. A strain gauge has a conductive wire on a paper backing that sticks to the surface of the material. It works through the piezoresistive effect, which means the wire’s electrical resistance changes when the material is bent, stretched, or compressed.

As the material elongates or shortens, the strain gauge changes with it. That change alters the wire’s resistance in proportion to the strain. To understand strain at one point more fully, engineers also consider normal strain and shearing strain, which describe shape change at constant volume.

This more detailed analysis needs several strain gauges placed at different angles. Strain is often measured along lines set at defined angles to a horizontal axis. The readings are then used to calculate the overall strain components.

A strain gauge rosette makes this process easier by arranging multiple gauges together. Common layouts include 0°, 45°, and 90°, or 0°, 60°, and 120°. These setups allow simultaneous measurements in multiple directions and are widely used in structural analysis, materials testing, and part validation. Engineers use the results to study material behavior and improve the design and safety of engineered structures.

How Strain Gauges Measure Deformation

transformation of plane stress

Plane Stress Changes with Rotation

Plane stress changes with rotation in a material element. The analysis looks at a prismatic element inside a cube under plane stress. As the element turns, the normal stress and shearing stress on its faces change in both size and direction. These changes are described with trigonometric functions of the rotation angle. The forces on the rotated faces are compared with the forces on the original faces that are perpendicular to each principal axis. The equilibrium equations use only the forces...

principal stresses

Stress Circle for Principal and Shear Stress

The stress circle shows how normal stress and shearing stress change with angle on a transformed plane. Its center, C, lies on the vertical axis and represents the average normal stress. The radius shows the amount of stress variation as the plane rotates. Points A and B, where the circle crosses the horizontal axis, mark the maximum and minimum normal stresses. At these points, shearing stress is zero. These points define the principal stress planes, where only normal stress, called principal...

principal stresses: problem solving

Finding Principal Planes and Stress Limits

Principal planes and principal stresses are found by analyzing two planes that meet at right angles under shearing, tensile, and compressive stresses. The goal is to use the given stress values to describe how the material is loaded and to locate the planes where the stress state changes. To find the principal planes, use the formula that relates the plane angle to twice the shearing stress divided by the difference between tensile and compressive stresses. After substituting the known stress...

mohr&#39;s circle for plane stress

Reading Stress Components with Mohr's Circle

Mohr's circle is a graphical way to read the stress state at a point in a material under plane stress. It turns normal stress and shearing stress into a two-dimensional picture. This makes stress transformation easier to analyze. The method uses Cartesian coordinates. The horizontal axis shows normal stress, written as σ, and the vertical axis shows shearing stress, written as τ. Two points, A and B, are plotted from the stresses on the element. Point A is at (σx, -τxy), and point B is at (σx,...

general state of stress

Stress Tensor and Principal Stresses

The stress tensor describes the internal forces inside a material. It is used when a material is under external force or deformation. At a point such as O, the tensor can show the stress components on any plane through that point. A tetrahedral element helps show how these forces act. One face, XYZ, is perpendicular to the line OA. The other faces line up with the coordinate axes, and point O is the origin. The stress on the tetrahedron is split into normal and shear components on each face. <br...

yield criteria for ductile materials under plane stress

yield-criteria-for-ductile-materials-under-plane-stress

Tresca and Von Mises Yield Criteria

Ductile materials can yield when they are loaded beyond a safe stress level. Engineers use yield criteria to check whether structural elements and machine parts can handle the expected load without permanent deformation. The yield point is first found with a tensile test, which measures how the material responds to uniaxial stress. A tensile test is not enough when a part faces biaxial or plane stress conditions. In those cases, more advanced criteria are needed to predict failure. One common...

transformation of plane strain

Plane Strain Under Rotated Axes

Plane strain changes when the coordinate axes are rotated. This matters for long bars and similar elongated structures that are loaded uniformly on their sides. In these members, one dimension is much larger than the others, so deformation is mainly studied in a single plane. At a point such as O, the key strain components lie along the x and y axes. The strain along the z-axis is negligible in plane strain. Together, the x and y strain components describe the deformation state in the xy-plane.

mohr&#39;s circle for plane strain

Principal and Shear Strains on Mohr’s Circle

Mohr’s circle for plane strain shows how normal strain and shear strain change on a graph. The horizontal axis is normal strain, written as ε, and the vertical axis is shear strain, written as γ. It uses two plotted points, X and Y, to represent the strain state. Point X has coordinates (εx, -γXY), and point Y has coordinates (εY, γXY). The center of the circle, O, gives the average normal strain. The radius comes from the relationship between normal strain and shear strain, so the circle...

three-dimensional analysis of strain

Principal Strain Directions in 3D

Three-dimensional strain analysis shows how a material changes shape when it is loaded. It is especially useful for elastic, homogeneous materials. A small cubic element inside the material can expand or contract along principal stress axes. That change turns the cube into a rectangular parallelepiped, which makes the deformation easier to picture. The principal stress axes are orthogonal, or at right angles to each other. Along these directions, the stress does not create shear inside the...

measurements of strain

Strain describes how a material deforms when a force is applied. Normal strain compares the change in length with the original length. Engineers use this measure to track stretching or compression in materials. For higher accuracy, they often use electrical strain gauges. A strain gauge has a conductive wire on a paper backing that sticks to the surface of the material. It works through the piezoresistive effect, which means the wire’s electrical resistance changes when the material is bent,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how strain gauges measure deformation, from normal and shearing strain to rosette layouts used in structural analysis and materials testing.

How Strain Gauges Measure Deformation | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Mechanical Engineering offers concise, easy-to-understand animated videos covering key topics such as equilibrium, forces, truss analysis, and structural mechanics. Explore their real-world applications, and witness these concepts in action through scientist-led experiments.

mechanical engineering

How Strain Gauges Measure Deformation

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