Name: feedback in everyday control systems
Uploaded: 2024-09-26T13:17:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

High School

Physical Science

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

HS-PS4-5

Control Systems

تؤثر أنظمة التحكم على العديد من التطبيقات ، من مكوكات الفضاء إلى التصنيع الآلي. إنها موجودة بشكل طبيعي ، مثل تنظيم نسبة السكر في الدم في الجسم وتعديلات معدل ضربات القلب أثناء الإجهاد.
تتكون هذه الأنظمة من أنظمة فرعية وعمليات تنتج مخرجات محددة من مدخلات معينة.
ضع في اعتبارك المصعد: يضغط الراكب على زر يبدأ إدخال نظام التحكم ، ويوجهه إلى الطابق المطلوب.
يتم قياس أداء النظام ، المشار إليه من خلال سرعة المصعد وسلاسة الركوب ، باستخدام الاستجابة العابرة ، ورد فعل النظام على التغييرات ، وخطأ الحالة المستقرة ، والتباين بين الناتج الفعلي والمطلوب.
يتم قياس المتغيرات الخاضعة للرقابة وتنظيمها ؛ توجه إشارات التحكم هذه التغييرات.
النباتات هي الأشياء المادية التي يتم التحكم فيها ، والعمليات هي العمليات تحت السيطرة.
تجمع الأنظمة بين المكونات لهدف ما ، وتؤثر الاضطرابات على الإخراج. يحافظ التحكم في التغذية الراجعة على التوازن عن طريق تقليل الاختلافات بين المخرجات والمرجعية.

أنظمة التحكم

<div style="direction: rtl;">
توجد أنظمة التحكم في كل مكان في المجتمع المعاصر، وتؤثر على تطبيقات متنوعة من الفضاء إلى التصنيع الآلي. يمكن العثور على هذه الأنظمة بشكل طبيعي داخل العمليات البيولوجية، مثل تنظيم نسبة السكر في الدم وتعديل معدل ضربات القلب استجابة للإجهاد، وكذلك في الأنظمة التي من صنع الإنسان مثل المصاعد والمركبات الآلية. نظام التحكم هو في الأساس شبكة من الأنظمة الفرعية والعمليات التي تعمل بشكل تعاوني على تحويل المدخلات المحددة إلى مخرجات مرغوبة.

في قلب أي نظام تحكم توجد عدة مكونات رئيسية: المتغير المتحكم فيه، وإشارة التحكم، ومحطات التحكم، والعمليات، والأنظمة، والاضطرابات، وآليات التحكم بالتغذية الراجعة. المتغير المتحكم فيه هو المتغير الذي يهدف النظام إلى تنظيمه. إشارة التحكم هي التوجيه المرسل إلى النظام لإحداث تغييرات في المتغير المتحكم فيه. تشير المحطات إلى الكيانات المادية التي يتم إدارتها داخل النظام، مثل الآلات في المصنع أو القلب البشري في سياق بيولوجي. تشمل العمليات، العمليات التي تحدث داخل المصنع، مما يدفعه نحو النتيجة المرجوة. النظام نفسه عبارة عن مجموعة منظمة من المكونات التي تعمل نحو هدف محدد. الاضطرابات هي عوامل خارجية يمكن أن تؤثر على أداء النظام عن طريق التسبب في انحرافات عن الناتج المطلوب. يلعب التحكم في التغذية الراجعة دورًا حاسمًا من خلال مراقبة خرج النظام باستمرار وإجراء التعديلات اللازمة لتقليل الفرق بين الناتج الفعلي والمدخل المرجعي.

لنأخذ مثال المصعد. عندما يضغط الراكب على زر، يعمل هذا الإجراء كمدخل لنظام التحكم، الذي يعالج بعد ذلك هذا المدخل ويوجه المصعد إلى الطابق المحدد. يتم تقييم أداء نظام المصعد باستخدام معيارين رئيسيين: الاستجابة العابرة وخطأ الحالة المستقرة.

الاستجابة العابرة هي رد فعل النظام للتغيرات، مثل الحركة الأولية للمصعد عند الضغط على زر. خطأ الحالة المستقرة هو الفرق بين الموضع الفعلي للمصعد والموضع المطلوب بمجرد استقرار النظام واستقراره. إن سلاسة ركوب المصعد وسرعته هي مؤشرات على كفاءة النظام ودقته.

يعد التحكم في التغذية الراجعة جانبًا أساسيًا من جوانب أنظمة التحكم الحديثة. فهو يضمن أن يظل الناتج متسقًا مع المدخلات المطلوبة على الرغم من أي اضطرابات. تعمل هذه الآلية من خلال مقارنة الناتج الفعلي بالمدخلات المرجعية وإجراء تعديلات في الوقت الفعلي لتقليل أي تناقضات. تعد آلية التصحيح الذاتي هذه ضرورية للحفاظ على الاستقرار وتحقيق التحكم الدقيق في الأنظمة الطبيعية والهندسية.

من خلال فهم هذه المكونات وتحسينها، يمكن لمهندسي التحكم تصميم أنظمة قوية وفعالة وقادرة على أداء المهام المعقدة بدقة عالية. يعد هذا الفهم أساسًا للتقدم في العديد من المجالات، من الرعاية الصحية إلى الأتمتة الصناعية، مما يسلط الضوء على الدور المتكامل لأنظمة التحكم في التكنولوجيا الحديثة.

</div>

تؤثر أنظمة التحكم على العديد من التطبيقات ، من مكوكات الفضاء إلى التصنيع الآلي. إنها موجودة بشكل طبيعي ، مثل نسبة السكر في الدم في الجسم ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

الهندسة الكهربائية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Introduction to Control Systems

مقدمة في أنظمة التحكم

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

feedback in everyday control systems

Control systems use feedback to keep a variable close to a desired value. They appear in both natural and engineered settings. Examples include blood sugar regulation, heart rate changes during stress, elevators, automated vehicles, aerospace systems, and automated manufacturing.

A control system is a network of subsystems and processes that turns an input into a desired output. Several parts work together in that network. The controlled variable is the quantity the system tries to regulate. The control signal is the command sent to change that variable.

Other key parts include the plant, the process, the system, disturbances, and feedback control. The plant is the physical thing being managed, such as a machine in a factory or the human heart. The process is the set of operations inside the plant that leads toward the goal. A disturbance is an outside factor that can push the output away from the target.

Feedback control helps the system stay on track. It checks the actual output against the reference input and makes real-time adjustments to reduce the difference. This self-correcting action helps keep the output consistent, even when disturbances occur.

An elevator is a clear example of this kind of system. When a passenger presses a button, that input is processed and the elevator moves to the requested floor. Engineers judge its performance by transient response and steady-state error. Transient response is the system’s reaction to a change, such as the elevator starting to move. Steady-state error is the difference between the actual and desired position after the system settles. Smooth motion and speed show how efficient and accurate the system is.

Understanding these parts helps control engineers design systems that are robust, efficient, and precise. That idea matters in healthcare, industrial automation, and many other fields. Control systems are a key part of modern technology.

Feedback in Everyday Control Systems

control systems

Control systems use feedback to keep a variable close to a desired value. They appear in both natural and engineered settings. Examples include blood sugar regulation, heart rate changes during stress, elevators, automated vehicles, aerospace systems, and automated manufacturing. A control system is a network of subsystems and processes that turns an input into a desired output. Several parts work together in that network. The controlled variable is the quantity the system tries to regulate.

control systems: applications

Control Systems in Cars and Furnaces

Control systems are used in cars, electric furnaces, and space shuttles to manage devices and processes. They help equipment work safely, correctly, and efficiently. Electrical engineering plays a central role in making these systems work in daily life. In modern vehicles, control systems help manage performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are key inputs in the car control system. The steering direction and pedal pressure are processed to control the vehicle’s speed and...

open and closed-loop control systems

Feedback in Open and Closed Control Systems

Control systems are key parts of automation and engineering. They are usually grouped into open-loop and closed-loop systems. The difference depends on whether the output is fed back to the controller. An open-loop control system works without feedback from the output. It has two main parts: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and drives the process to reach the desired result. Because it does not check the output, the system does not correct...

effects of feedback

Feedback in Control Systems: Gain and Stability

Feedback in control systems changes gain, stability, and noise response. It does more than reduce error. A basic feedback system uses input, output, error, and feedback signals to shape how the system behaves. One major effect is on gain. Gain is the amount a system amplifies an input. Without feedback, the gain is changed by the factor 1 + GH, where G is the open-loop gain and H is the feedback factor. This means feedback can increase or reduce gain, depending on the frequency range. <br...

feedback control systems

Types of Feedback Control Systems

Feedback control systems can be grouped by how they behave, how their parameters change, and what kind of signals they use. These categories help engineers choose the right control method for a given system. They also make design and analysis easier. Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify control design. In these systems, output is directly proportional to input within a certain range. An amplifier is a good example, but only while the input stays within its allowed range.

key terms and concepts

Explore how feedback control keeps elevators, vehicles, and body processes on target. Learn key parts like controlled variable, plant, disturbance, and error.

Feedback in Everyday Control Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Travelling Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. ...

Wave Parameters

The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be ...

Equations of Wave Motion

Mathematically, the motion of a wave can be studied using a wavefunction. Consider a string oscillating up and down in simple harmonic motion, having a ...

Graphing the Wave Function

Consider the wave equation for a sinusoidal wave moving in the positive x-direction. The wave equation is a function of both position and time. From the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14721.jpg

Velocity and Acceleration of a Wave

A wave propagates through a medium with a constant speed, known as a wave velocity. It is different from the speed of the particles of the medium, which ...

Speed of a Transverse Wave

The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14722.jpg

problem-solving-tuning-of-a-guitar-string

Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String

In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14744.jpg

Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

All forms of waves carry energy; this is directly visualized in nature. For instance, the waves of earthquakes are so intense that they can shake huge ...

Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect ...

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at ...

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second ...

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12783.jpg

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12784.jpg

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14723.jpg

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media. 

Clarification statement: Examples of data could include electromagnetic radiation traveling in a vacuum and glass, sound waves traveling through air and water, and seismic waves traveling through the earth. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to algebraic relationships and describing those relationships qualitatively.

HS-PS4-1

Speed of Sound in Gases

The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. ...

Sinusoidal Sources

Direct current refers to unidirectional current, whereas alternating current refers to current that reverses its direction periodically.
Alternating ...

Signal and System

Signals are sets of data or information.
One-dimensional signals include single-variable functions, such as the variations in air pressure over time in ...

reconstruction-of-signal-using-interpolation

Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation

Consider a continuous signal and its sampled counterpart with a sampling period T.
Applying a zero-order hold to the sampled signal results in a piecewise ...

Classification of Signals

Signals are categorized as Continuous-time or discrete-time, Periodic or aperiodic, Analog or digital, and Causal or noncausal.
A continuous-time signal ...

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information. 

Clarification statement: Examples of advantages could include that digital information is stable because it can be stored reliably in computer memory, transferred easily, and copied and shared rapidly. Disadvantages could include issues of easy deletion, security, and theft.

HS-PS4-2

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, ...

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his ...

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857&#8211;1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. ...

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other. 

Clarification statement: Emphasis is on how the experimental evidence supports the claim and how a theory is generally modified in light of new evidence. Examples of a phenomenon could include resonance, interference, diffraction, and photoelectric effect. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include using quantum theory.

HS-PS4-3

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break ...

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter. 

Clarification statement: Emphasis is on the idea that photons associated with different frequencies of light have different energies, and the damage to living tissue from electromagnetic radiation depends on the energy of the radiation. Examples of published materials could include trade books, magazines, web resources, videos, and other passages that may reflect bias. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative descriptions.

HS-PS4-4

Control systems influence many applications, from space shuttles to automated manufacturing. They exist naturally, such as our body&#39;s blood sugar ...

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as ...

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Maxwell&#39;s equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between ...

propagation-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere&#39;s law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere&#39;s law is given as:


Consider a plane ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a ...

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the ...

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the ...

Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy. 

Clarification statement: Examples could include solar cells capturing light and converting it to electricity; medical imaging; and communications technology. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessments are limited to qualitative information. Assessments do not include band theory.

Feedback in Everyday Control Systems

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards