Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

هناك أربعة أنواع من توربينات الرياح. النوعان 1 و 2 عبارة عن نماذج لآلة الحث ، حيث تحفز لفات الجزء الثابت تيارات دوار التيار المتردد عبر الحركة النسبية بين المجال المغناطيسي والدوار.
يتم تحديد الفرق بين سرعات المتزامنة والدوار لكل وحدة على أنها انزلاق.
يتضمن هذا النموذج جهدا مكافئا خلف مقاومة الجزء الثابت والمفاعلة العابرة.
يتم تحديد الظروف الأولية للاستقرار العابر عن طريق تعيين معادلتين تمختلفتين على الصفر واستخدام تدفق الطاقة وحقن الطاقة الحقيقية والجهد الطرفي كمدخلات.
تشير الطاقة التفاعلية السلبية المنتجة إلى استهلاك الطاقة بواسطة آلات الحث.
تتميز التوربينات من النوع 1 بدوار قفص سنجاب بمقاومة ثابتة ، بينما يستخدم النوع 2 آلات الحث الدوار الجرح مع نظام تحكم لضبط مقاومة الدوار.
تستخدم توربينات الرياح من النوع 3 ، والمعروفة أيضا باسم المولدات غير المتزامنة ذات التغذية المزدوجة ، آلات الحث الدوار الجرح.
تتصل لفات الدوار بشبكة التيار المتردد عبر محول AC-DC-AC ، مما يسمح بالتحكم المنفصل في الطاقة الحقيقية والتفاعلية.
تستخدم التوربينات من النوع 4 تصميما غير متزامن تماما حيث يتصل خرج الماكينة بشبكة التيار المتردد من خلال محول AC-DC-AC.

الاستقرار المؤقت وضوابط النظام

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في مجال طاقة الرياح المتنامي، يعد دمج نماذج توربينات الرياح في تحليل الاستقرار المؤقت أمرًا ضروريًا. تعد الآلات الحثية والمتزامنة هي النماذج الأولية المستخدمة، وتعد الآلات الحثية شائعة بسبب بساطتها وموثوقيتها.

تتفاعل الآلات الحثية من خلال المجال المغناطيسي الذي يولده الجزء الثابت والجزء الدوار. والمدخل الأساسي هو الانزلاق، وهو الفرق بين السرعة المتزامنة وسرعة الدوار بالنسبة للسرعة المتزامنة. يكون الانزلاق مساويًا للصفر عند السرعة المتزامنة، وموجبًا عند التشغيل، وسالبًا عند التوليد. وتتضمن الديناميكيات الميكانيكية ثابت القصور الذاتي (H) وفرق عزم الدوران (T_m−T_e).


يمثل النموذج الكهربائي المبسط لآلة تحريضية ذات قفص واحد الجهد المكافئ خلف مقاومة الجزء الثابت والمفاعلة العابرة. تتضمن المعلمات الرئيسية ثابت زمن الدائرة المفتوحة للجزء الدوار والمفاعلة المتزامنة المستمدة من مفاعلة التسرب ومفاعلة المغناطيسية.


يتم تحديد عزم الدوران الكهربائي وحقن الطاقة الحقيقية الطرفية من خلال الفولتية والتيارات الداخلية للآلة. تستهلك آلات الحث عادةً طاقة تفاعلية، يشار إليها بقيمة سالبة.


تنقسم نماذج توربينات الرياح إلى أربعة أنواع مختلفة:

النوع 1 والنوع 2: تستخدم هذه النماذج مولدات حثية. يتميز النوع 1 بمقاومة دوارة ثابتة، بينما يستخدم النوع 2 مقاومة دوارة متغيرة لتحسين التحكم، مما يؤثر على ثابت زمن الآلة وناتج الطاقة.


النوع 3 والنوع 4: تسمح هذه النماذج المتقدمة (المولدات غير المتزامنة ذات التغذية المزدوجة وأنظمة المحول الكامل) بالتحكم في كل من الطاقة الحقيقية والتفاعلية. يستخدم النوع 3 محولات للتحكم في تيار الدوار، مما يوفر نطاق سرعة واسع. يفصل النوع 4 المولد عن الشبكة، مما يوفر تحكمًا مرنًا ويزيل الاقتران الميكانيكي بديناميكيات التوربين.


يتضمن فهم نماذج آلات توربينات الرياح تحليل تفاعل المكونات الكهربائية والميكانيكية لتحليل الاستقرار الدقيق.


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هناك أربعة أنواع من توربينات الرياح. النوعان 1 و 2 عبارة عن نماذج لآلة الحث ، حيث تحفز لفات الجزء الثابت تيارات دوار التيار المتردد عبر الحركة النسبية ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

الهندسة الكهربائية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Transient Stability and System Controls

الاستقرار العابر وأنظمة التحكم

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

the swing equation

Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

Transient Stability in Synchronous Generators

The synchronous machine model helps students analyze transient stability in power systems. It represents a synchronous generator under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions. The model assumes constant excitation and ignores losses and saturation. These simplifications make it easier to study how a generator behaves during a disturbance. In this setup, the generator is connected to a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines. That larger system is often...

multimachine stability

Power-System Stability in Multi-Machine Networks

Power-system stability in multi-machine networks focuses on how several synchronous machines behave as they stay connected to an N-bus power system. The analysis solves the swing equations for the machines and tracks how the network responds when conditions change. It is used to study transient stability, which is the system’s ability to stay in step after a disturbance. The network is written with nodal equations that link bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. In this model, V...

wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

Turbine-governor control helps keep generator frequency and rotor speed stable when electrical load changes. It does this by matching turbine mechanical power with the power demand on the system. In a power grid, that balance is important for steady operation. Turbine-generator units also store kinetic energy because their parts are rotating. When load increases, that stored energy is released to help meet the demand. At first, electrical torque rises while mechanical torque stays nearly...

load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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