Name: survey direction with azimuths and bearings
Uploaded: 2025-03-26T15:20:02.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

سمت الخط هو زاوية اتجاه عقارب الساعة من الطرف الشمالي لخط الزوال المرجعي ، وعادة ما تستخدم في المسوحات المستوية. يمكن أن يتراوح حجم السمت من صفر إلى 360 درجة. على سبيل المثال ، السمت الأمامي للخط AB يساوي 55 درجة. لإيجاد السمت الخلفي أو سمت السطر BA، أضف 180 درجة للحصول على 235 درجة. يتم التعبير عن محمل الخط كاتجاه مرجعي وزاوية ميل والاتجاه الذي يتم فيه قياس الميل. الاتجاهات المرجعية هي دائما الأطراف الشمالية أو الجنوبية لخط الزوال ، والزاوية دائما 90 درجة أو أقل. محمل الخط AB هو الشمال 55 درجة شرقا ، مما يعني أن الخط يميل 55 درجة شرقا من الشمال. وبالمثل ، فإن اتجاه الخط BA هو الجنوب 55 درجة غربا ، والذي تم العثور عليه عن طريق عكس اتجاهات اتجاه AB. عندما يتحرك خط عبر أرباع مختلفة ، تتغير الزاوية فقط لسمت الخاص به. في المقابل ، بالنسبة للمحامل ، يتغير كل من الاتجاه المرجعي واتجاه الميل جنبا إلى جنب مع الزاوية.

السمت والمحامل

Azimuths and Bearings

السمت والمحامل هي مفاهيم أساسية في المسح ، وتوفر طرقا للتعبير عن اتجاه الخط بالنسبة إلى خط الزوال.  تشير السمت  إلى زاوية اتجاه عقارب الساعة المقاسة من الطرف الشمالي لخط الزوال المرجعي إلى الخط المحدد ، والتي تتراوح من صفر إلى 360 درجة. تعطي هذه الطريقة مرجعا اتجاهيا شاملا داخل دائرة كاملة بزاوية 360 درجة ، مما يجعلها طريقة مباشرة لتوصيل الاتجاه في مختلف المجالات ، بما في ذلك الملاحة ورسم الخرائط والبناء. على النقيض من ذلك ، تقدم المحامل نهجا أكثر تجزئة من خلال الإشارة إلى الاتجاه داخل واحد من أربعة أرباع مكونة من المحور الشمالي والجنوبي والشرق والغرب. تتضمن قياسات المحمل اتجاها مرجعيا وزاوية ميل واتجاه ميل ، مثل الشمال الشرقي أو الجنوب الغربي. تكون زاوية المحمل دائما أقل من 90 درجة ، مما يجعل هذه الطريقة مثالية لتفصيل الاتجاه داخل ربع معين. بينما تتغير السمت فقط في الزاوية عندما تتحرك الخطوط عبر الأرباع ، فإن المحامل تضبط الاتجاه المرجعي والزاوية والميل.  كل من السمت والمحامل ضرورية في رسم خرائط الموقع بدقة ، حيث يكون تحديد اتجاه الخط الدقيق ضروريا للتخطيط وترسيم الممتلكات والمحاذاة في تطوير البنية التحتية. يوفر استخدامها الوضوح والدقة ، مما يضمن فهم الاتجاهات والمواقف عالميا عبر تطبيقات المسح.

Azimuths and bearings are essential concepts in surveying, providing methods to express the direction of a line relative to a ...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

الهندسة المدنية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Angles and Directions

الزوايا والاتجاهات

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

survey direction with azimuths and bearings

Azimuths and bearings are key ways to describe direction in surveying. They show the position of a line relative to a meridian, which is a reference north-south line. Surveyors use these measurements to communicate direction clearly and consistently.

An azimuth is the clockwise angle measured from the north end of the reference meridian to the line being studied. It ranges from 0 to 360 degrees, so it gives a full-circle direction. This makes azimuth useful in navigation, cartography, and construction.

A bearing uses a different system. It describes direction within one of four quadrants made by the north-south and east-west axes. A bearing includes a reference direction, an angle of inclination, and the direction of inclination, such as northeast or southwest. The angle is always less than 90 degrees.

Azimuths and bearings both help map lines with precision. As a line moves through quadrants, an azimuth changes only by its angle. A bearing changes the reference direction, the angle, and the inclination. These methods are important for planning, property demarcation, and alignment in infrastructure work.

Survey Direction with Azimuths and Bearings

survey-direction-with-azimuths-and-bearings

meridians

Survey Meridians for Direction Control

Survey meridians are reference lines that help surveyors measure direction and set land orientation. They run from the north pole to the south pole and give surveys a stable frame for angular measurements and mapping. In survey design, meridians are chosen based on the size of the project and the level of precision needed. An astronomic meridian is tied to astronomic north, which is based on Earth’s axis and gravity. Surveyors determine it through celestial observations, often by using...

azimuths and bearings

Azimuths and bearings are key ways to describe direction in surveying. They show the position of a line relative to a meridian, which is a reference north-south line. Surveyors use these measurements to communicate direction clearly and consistently. An azimuth is the clockwise angle measured from the north end of the reference meridian to the line being studied. It ranges from 0 to 360 degrees, so it gives a full-circle direction. This makes azimuth useful in navigation, cartography, and...

compass

Compass Bearings and Magnetic North

The compass is a navigation tool that uses Earth's magnetic field. Its magnetic needle lines up with magnetic north, which helps people find direction and stay oriented. Because magnetic north is not exactly the same as true north, a compass shows a slightly different direction than geographic north. That difference is called magnetic declination. Declination is the angle between magnetic north and true north, and it changes with location. It can also change over time because Earth's magnetic...

magnetic declination

Compass Error and Magnetic Declination

Magnetic declination is the angle between true north and magnetic north. True north points along Earth’s rotational axis. Magnetic north follows Earth’s magnetic field. Because the magnetic poles do not match the geographic poles, a compass does not point exactly toward true north. The size of magnetic declination depends on where an observer is located on Earth. It also changes over time because Earth’s magnetic field is dynamic. Declination is called eastern when magnetic north lies east of...

local attraction

Compass Errors from Nearby Magnetic Objects

Local attraction is a compass error caused by nearby magnetic influences. Metal fences, buried pipes, vehicles, buildings, power lines, and natural iron ore deposits can all disturb the compass. Small items such as wristwatches, steel tools, and belt buckles may also create local magnetic fields that bend the Earth's magnetic field and affect the reading. These disturbances make compass readings inaccurate. That can create problems in navigation and land surveying. Surveyors look for local...

design example: traverse angle computations

design-example-traverse-angle-computations

Closed Traverse Angle Checks

Closed traverse angle checks are used in surveying to calculate the internal angles inside a closed loop. A traverse is a set of connected lines that return to the starting point. Surveyors use it for land boundary mapping and other layout work. The process starts with known azimuths and bearings for the traverse sides. An azimuth is a direction measured from north, and a bearing shows the direction of a line in simple survey terms. Internal angles at each vertex are then found with basic...

key terms and concepts

Learn how azimuths and bearings describe direction in surveying, from 0–360 degree azimuths to quadrant-based bearings used in mapping and construction.

Survey Direction with Azimuths and Bearings | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Survey Direction with Azimuths and Bearings

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