Name: gis mapping and spatial analysis
Uploaded: 2025-03-26T15:41:49.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Physical Geology

Plate Tectonics

Plate motion

Introduction to GIS

أنظمة المعلومات الجغرافية أو نظم المعلومات الجغرافية هي أدوات مصممة لتخزين البيانات المكانية والسمات ذات الصلة وتحليلها وتصورها. يدعم نظم المعلومات الجغرافية الاستعلامات المكانية المعقدة ورسم الخرائط المواضيعية من خلال دمج تقنيات مثل رسم الخرائط والتصميم بمساعدة الكمبيوتر أو CAD وأنظمة إدارة قواعد البيانات أو نظام إدارة قواعد البيانات والاستشعار عن بعد. يحول نظم المعلومات الجغرافية البيانات الأولية إلى رؤى قابلة للتنفيذ ، مما يساعد صانعي القرار في مختلف المجالات.  على سبيل المثال ، يمكن تصور بيانات السكن التي تحتوي على الرموز البريدية وأنواع المساكن والمناطق كخرائط كثافة ، باستخدام التدرجات أو التظليل لتمثيل التوزيعات الجغرافية. تمتد تطبيقات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية إلى صناعات مثل التخطيط الحضري وإدارة الكوارث والمراقبة البيئية والصحة العامة.  يستخدمه المخططون الحضريون لتقسيم المناطق وتخصيص الموارد ، بينما يعتمد عليه المستجيبون للطوارئ للاستجابة للكوارث وتوجيهها.  يتتبع علماء البيئة تغيرات النظام البيئي ، ويحلل علماء الأوبئة انتشار الأمراض. كما أنه يحسن طرق النقل ، ويحدد موقع المرافق الجديدة ، ويدير البنية التحتية. مع تقدم التكنولوجيا ، أصبحت نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لا غنى عنها ، حيث توفر حلولا فعالة لمشاكل العالم الحقيقي عبر العديد من التخصصات. قدرتها على ربط البيانات المكانية والبيانات السمائية تقود عملية اتخاذ القرارات المؤثرة.

مقدمة في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية

أنظمة المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) هي أدوات لتخزين البيانات المكانية وتحليلها وعرضها جنبا إلى جنب مع السمات ذات الصلة. على عكس أنظمة المعلومات التقليدية التي تتناول الاستفسارات العامة ، يشتمل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية على مكونات مكانية ، مما يتيح للمستخدمين الإجابة على "أين" و "إلى مدى". على سبيل المثال ، يمكن لنظم المعلومات الجغرافية معالجة بيانات الإسكان المرتبطة بالمواقع الجغرافية مثل الرموز البريدية ، مما يسمح برؤى حول الكثافة السكانية أو توزيع المساكن من خلال الخرائط المواضيعية. يدمج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية تقنيات مثل التصميم بمساعدة الكمبيوتر (CAD) ورسم الخرائط وأنظمة إدارة قواعد البيانات (DBMS) والاستشعار عن بعد للتعامل مع الاستعلامات المكانية بفعالية. بينما تعمل هذه التقنيات بشكل مستقل ، تجمع نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بشكل فريد بين قدراتها لتحليل البيانات المكانية. على سبيل المثال ، يمكنه ربط موقع الطريق بسمات مثل حدود السرعة أو أرقام الممرات ، وإنشاء تصورات وصفية وتمكين الاستعلامات المكانية المعقدة. تقوم الخرائط المواضيعية ، وهي ناتج رئيسي لنظم المعلومات الجغرافية ، بتحويل البيانات الأولية إلى رؤى قابلة للتنفيذ. على سبيل المثال ، يمكن تصور بيانات الإسكان لولاية كارولينا الجنوبية باستخدام تدرجات الألوان أو التظليل لإظهار كثافة مساكن الأسرة الواحدة. تساعد هذه التصورات صانعي القرار على تفسير العلاقات والاتجاهات الجغرافية بشكل أكثر فعالية من البيانات الرقمية وحدها. يستخدم نظم المعلومات الجغرافية على نطاق واسع في التطبيقات اليومية مثل أنظمة الملاحة (مثل خرائط Google) ، والتي تجمع بين نظم المعلومات الجغرافية ونظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) للتوجيه واتجاهات السفر. بالإضافة إلى الملاحة ، تدعم نظم المعلومات الجغرافية التخطيط الحضري والاستجابة للطوارئ والإدارة البيئية والصحة العامة من خلال تحسين الموارد والتنبؤ بالنتائج وحل المشكلات المكانية. أصبح نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لا غنى عنه للمساحين والمهندسين والجغرافيين والموظفين العموميين نظرا لقدرته على تحليل المعلومات الجغرافية وتصورها. مع انخفاض تكاليف الأجهزة ونمو قواعد البيانات الجغرافية ، أصبح الوصول إلى نظم المعلومات الجغرافية أكثر سهولة ، مما يضمن استمرار اعتمادها عبر الصناعات. من خلال الكشف عن العلاقات المكانية ، تساعد نظم المعلومات الجغرافية في صنع القرار وإدارة الموارد ، وتقدم حلولا متعددة الاستخدامات لتحديات العالم الحقيقي. يمتد تأثيره من تحسين مسارات الحافلات المدرسية إلى إدارة الكوارث الطبيعية وتحليل انتشار الأمراض.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are tools for storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data alongside related attributes. Unlike traditional ...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

الهندسة المدنية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS)

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

gis mapping and spatial analysis

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to map, store, and analyze spatial data. Spatial data is information tied to a location. GIS also keeps related attributes, which are details about that location or feature. This lets users ask questions such as where something is and how far apart places are.

GIS can connect many kinds of information to a map. For example, housing data can be linked to zip codes to study population density and housing distribution. The results are often shown with thematic maps, which use colors or shading to display patterns in the data. A South Carolina housing map can, for instance, show the density of single-family dwellings.

GIS brings together several other technologies. These include computer-aided design (CAD), cartography, database management systems (DBMS), and remote sensing. Each tool can work on its own, but GIS combines them to handle spatial questions. It can also link a road’s location to attributes such as speed limits or lane numbers.

These linked data help create clear visualizations and support complex spatial queries. The maps can turn raw numbers into useful insights about geographic relationships and trends. This makes GIS helpful for decision-makers who need more than a table of data. It is also useful in daily life through navigation systems like Google Maps, which combine GIS with GPS for routing and travel directions.

GIS supports many fields beyond navigation. It is used in urban planning, emergency response, environmental management, and public health. It helps people optimize resources, forecast outcomes, and solve spatial problems. Surveyors, engineers, geographers, and public servants rely on GIS because it makes geographic information easier to analyze and explain.

As hardware costs drop and geographic databases grow, GIS has become more accessible. That wider access supports its use across many industries. GIS can help with tasks such as planning school bus routes, managing natural disasters, and studying disease spread. By revealing spatial relationships, it remains a key tool for decision-making and resource management.

GIS Mapping and Spatial Analysis

introduction to gis

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to map, store, and analyze spatial data. Spatial data is information tied to a location. GIS also keeps related attributes, which are details about that location or feature. This lets users ask questions such as where something is and how far apart places are. GIS can connect many kinds of information to a map. For example, housing data can be linked to zip codes to study population density and housing distribution. The results are often shown with...

thematic layering in gis

GIS Maps for Site Planning

GIS maps help planners organize and compare geographic data for site planning. Before GIS, projects such as schools and public facilities required many separate data sources. Teams had to gather property boundaries, soil characteristics, road networks, zoning rules, and flood zones from courthouses, utility providers, and registry offices. Putting all of that information together often took several months. Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, changed that process. GIS is a computer-based...

levels of use of a gis

GIS for Data, Analysis, and Prediction

Geographic information systems, or GIS, support data management, analysis, and prediction. These three levels show how GIS becomes more powerful as it handles spatial data for different uses. The same system can store information, study patterns, and help estimate future outcomes. At the most basic level, GIS is used for data management. It can input, store, retrieve, and organize spatial data. This is common in infrastructure systems, such as sewer networks. GIS can also keep details like...

selected data about geographic locations

GIS Data Models for Mapping Places

Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, use spatial data and attribute data to map places and features. Spatial data gives the physical location of a feature in a coordinate system, often as latitude and longitude. It helps place roads, rivers, and buildings in the right spot. Attribute data adds details that describe those features. A road, for example, can be mapped by its start and end coordinates, then described by its name, type, surface material, and condition. Together, spatial and...

gis software, hardware, and sources of gis data

gis-software-hardware-and-sources-of-gis-data

GIS Tools, Devices, and Data Sources

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use software, hardware, and data sources to manage and study spatial information. GIS software helps users move through the system, store spatial and attribute data, and find information quickly. It also includes tools for analysis and display, so users can turn raw data into useful maps and reports. Some GIS programs also add advanced features such as network analysis. Network analysis helps with tasks like routing and logistics. The best software choice...

manipulation and analysis

GIS Spatial Analysis for Planning

GIS spatial analysis supports planning and decision-making by turning map data into useful answers. It includes simple data retrieval, such as selecting records by specific criteria, and more advanced methods for solving spatial problems. These tools help users compare places, measure relationships, and present results clearly. Overlaying is one key GIS method. It combines multiple data layers so users can study how one feature affects another. For example, overlaying a river-dammed lake...

coordinates and map projections

Latitude, Longitude, and Flat Maps

Latitude, longitude, and map projections are the tools cartographers use to place Earth on a map. Latitude tells how far a point is north or south of the equator. Longitude tells how far it is east or west of the prime meridian. Together, they create a grid that can locate any place on Earth and support GPS and other global navigation systems. Map projections solve the problem of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat page. That change always creates some distortion. Because of that,...

applications of gis: disaster management and emergency response

applications-of-gis-disaster-management-and-emergency-response

GIS for Flood Risk and Relief Planning

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology helps emergency teams plan for floods and other natural disasters. It combines spatial data, which shows where things are, with demographic data, which shows who lives there. This gives planners a clear way to identify risk, choose actions, and use resources well during critical events. GIS can build flood risk maps by layering rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels. These layers help show areas that may flood because...

design example: alignment of a road line using gis

design-example-alignment-of-a-road-line-using-gis

Using GIS to Compare Road Route Options

GIS can help engineers compare road route options before a road is built. Geographic Information Systems use geospatial data, which is location-based information, to study the land and plan a safe and practical route. The route study starts with data on land cover, geomorphology, drainage patterns, slope, and contour details. This information is often gathered from satellite imagery and GIS tools. Together, these layers show how the terrain changes across the project area. After the data is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how GIS connects maps, data, and spatial analysis to answer location-based questions. See real uses in mapping, planning, routing, and public health.

GIS Mapping and Spatial Analysis | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Glacial Geology

Glaciers and glaciation

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Earth Science

ES.7

ES.7.d

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Using GIS to Investigate Urban Forestry

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Urban forests broadly include urban parks, street trees, landscaped ...

Dynamics of Structures

Source:&#160;Roberto Leon, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
It is rare nowadays that a whole year goes by ...

data-processing-methods-for-3d-seismic-imaging-subsurface-volcanoes

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

The morphology and structure of plumbing systems can provide key information on the eruption rate and style of basalt lava fields. The most powerful way ...

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

using-generative-art-to-convey-past-and-future-climate-transitions

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

The ability to understand modern day climate relies on a foundational understanding of past climate variability and the ways in which the planet is ...

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at ...

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second ...

Reflection and Refraction

Source: Derek Wilson,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
...

Internal Earth
• Seismic waves
    ◦ S and P waves
    ◦ Velocities, reflection, refraction of waves

Content elaboration: This unit builds upon a variety of topics studied in middle school. In the Earth and Space Science strand, plate tectonics is studied in grade 8. Topics include plate motion (evidence and causes, characteristics of oceanic and continental plates), seismic waves, continental drift, seafloor spreading, the structure of Earth's surface and interior (including specific layers) and paleomagnetism. In the Life Science strand, fossils and depositional environments are included. In the Physical Science strand, density, convection, conductivity, motion, kinetic energy, radiometric dating, seismic waves, thermal energy, pressure and gravity are explored. In this course, Earth's interior and plate tectonics are investigated at greater depth using models, simulations, actual seismic data, real-time data, satellite data and remote sensing. Relationships between energy, tectonic activity levels and earthquake or volcano predictions, and calculations to obtain the magnitude, focus and epicenter of an earthquake are included. Evidence and data analysis are key in understanding this part of the Earth system. For example, GIS/GPS and/or satellite data provide evidence for moving plates and changing landscapes (due to tectonic activity). The causes for plate motion, the evidence of moving plates and the results of plate tectonics must be related to Earth's past, present and future. The use of evidence to support conclusions and predictions pertaining to plate motion is an important part of this unit.

Internal Earth

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it ...

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton&#39;s law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Our everyday observation tells us that all objects close to the Earth naturally tend to fall to the ground. Early philosophers assumed that this downward ...

Structure of Earth (Note: specific layers were part of grade 8)
• Asthenosphere
• Lithosphere
• Mohorovicic boundary (Moho)
• Composition of each of the layers of Earth
• Gravity, magnetism and isostasy
• Thermal energy (geothermal gradient and heat flow)

Content elaboration: This unit builds upon a variety of topics studied in middle school. In the Earth and Space Science strand, plate tectonics is studied in grade 8. Topics include plate motion (evidence and causes, characteristics of oceanic and continental plates), seismic waves, continental drift, seafloor spreading, the structure of Earth's surface and interior (including specific layers) and paleomagnetism. In the Life Science strand, fossils and depositional environments are included. In the Physical Science strand, density, convection, conductivity, motion, kinetic energy, radiometric dating, seismic waves, thermal energy, pressure and gravity are explored. In this course, Earth's interior and plate tectonics are investigated at greater depth using models, simulations, actual seismic data, real-time data, satellite data and remote sensing. Relationships between energy, tectonic activity levels and earthquake or volcano predictions, and calculations to obtain the magnitude, focus and epicenter of an earthquake are included. Evidence and data analysis are key in understanding this part of the Earth system. For example, GIS/GPS and/or satellite data provide evidence for moving plates and changing landscapes (due to tectonic activity). The causes for plate motion, the evidence of moving plates and the results of plate tectonics must be related to Earth's past, present and future. The use of evidence to support conclusions and predictions pertaining to plate motion is an important part of this unit.

Structure of Earth

an-overview-of-bgdgt-biomarker-analysis-for-paleoclimatology

An Overview of bGDGT Biomarker Analysis for Paleoclimatology

sonication-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

Sonication Extraction of Lipid Biomarkers from Sediment

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
The material comprising the living &#34;organic&#34; share of any ecosystem ...

soxhlet-extraction-of-lipid-biomarkers-from-sediment

Soxhlet Extraction of Lipid Biomarkers from Sediment

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Every lab needs standards that track the performance, accuracy, and ...

extraction-of-biomarkers-from-sediments-accelerated-solvent-extraction

Extraction of Biomarkers from Sediments - Accelerated Solvent Extraction

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
The distribution of a group of organic biomarkers called glycerol-dialkyl ...

conversion-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-saponification-for-uk-37

Conversion of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Saponification for Uk'37 Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
The product of an organic solvent extraction, a total lipid extract (TLE), ...

Historical review (Note: this would include a review of continental drift and seafloor spreading found in grade 8)
• Paleomagnetism and magnetic anomalies
• Paleoclimatology

Content elaboration: This unit builds upon a variety of topics studied in middle school. In the Earth and Space Science strand, plate tectonics is studied in grade 8. Topics include plate motion (evidence and causes, characteristics of oceanic and continental plates), seismic waves, continental drift, seafloor spreading, the structure of Earth's surface and interior (including specific layers) and paleomagnetism. In the Life Science strand, fossils and depositional environments are included. In the Physical Science strand, density, convection, conductivity, motion, kinetic energy, radiometric dating, seismic waves, thermal energy, pressure and gravity are explored. In this course, Earth's interior and plate tectonics are investigated at greater depth using models, simulations, actual seismic data, real-time data, satellite data and remote sensing. Relationships between energy, tectonic activity levels and earthquake or volcano predictions, and calculations to obtain the magnitude, focus and epicenter of an earthquake are included. Evidence and data analysis are key in understanding this part of the Earth system. For example, GIS/GPS and/or satellite data provide evidence for moving plates and changing landscapes (due to tectonic activity). The causes for plate motion, the evidence of moving plates and the results of plate tectonics must be related to Earth's past, present and future. The use of evidence to support conclusions and predictions pertaining to plate motion is an important part of this unit.

Historical review

Selected Data About Geographic Locations

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) rely on two core types of data: spatial data and attribute data.Spatial DataSpatial data defines the physical ...

introduction-to-global-positioning-system

Introduction to Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was ...

Plate motion (Note: introduced in grade 8)
• Causes and evidence of plate motion
• Measuring plate motion
• Characteristics of oceanic and continental plates
• Relationship of plate movement and geologic events
• Mantle plumes

Content elaboration: This unit builds upon a variety of topics studied in middle school. In the Earth and Space Science strand, plate tectonics is studied in grade 8. Topics include plate motion (evidence and causes, characteristics of oceanic and continental plates), seismic waves, continental drift, seafloor spreading, the structure of Earth's surface and interior (including specific layers) and paleomagnetism. In the Life Science strand, fossils and depositional environments are included. In the Physical Science strand, density, convection, conductivity, motion, kinetic energy, radiometric dating, seismic waves, thermal energy, pressure and gravity are explored. In this course, Earth's interior and plate tectonics are investigated at greater depth using models, simulations, actual seismic data, real-time data, satellite data and remote sensing. Relationships between energy, tectonic activity levels and earthquake or volcano predictions, and calculations to obtain the magnitude, focus and epicenter of an earthquake are included. Evidence and data analysis are key in understanding this part of the Earth system. For example, GIS/GPS and/or satellite data provide evidence for moving plates and changing landscapes (due to tectonic activity). The causes for plate motion, the evidence of moving plates and the results of plate tectonics must be related to Earth's past, present and future. The use of evidence to support conclusions and predictions pertaining to plate motion is an important part of this unit.

GIS Mapping and Spatial Analysis

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