Name: gis tools, devices, and data sources
Uploaded: 2025-03-26T15:42:27.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

9-12.ESS.1.3.c

gis-software-hardware-and-sources-of-gis-data

GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data

يقوم نظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) بإدارة البيانات المكانية وتحليلها وتقديمها باستخدام برامج متخصصة.  يحتوي على واجهة سهلة الاستخدام ويؤدي أربع وظائف رئيسية: إدارة قواعد البيانات ، واسترجاع البيانات ، والتحليل المكاني ، وتوليد المخرجات ، مثل الخرائط والرسوم البيانية. يتعامل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بكفاءة مع مجموعات البيانات الكبيرة ، ويحول البيانات الأولية إلى رؤى قابلة للتنفيذ لاتخاذ القرار.  تشتمل أجهزة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية لجمع البيانات المكانية على أجهزة الكمبيوتر وأجهزة التحويل الرقمي والماسحات الضوئية والأجهزة المحمولة المدمجة في نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS). تقوم أجهزة التحويل الرقمي والماسحات الضوئية بتحويل الخرائط المادية إلى تنسيقات رقمية ، بينما تقوم برامج التوجيه المتقدمة بتنقيح البيانات النقطية لتحليلها. تنتج أجهزة الإخراج مثل الطابعات والراسمات خرائط وتقارير عالية الجودة ، مما يدعم مهام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية المتنوعة من العمل الميداني إلى مشاركة البيانات التعاونية. تنشأ بيانات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية من وكالات مثل هيئة المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكية والإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي، وتقدم خرائط وصورا جوية وبيانات تعداد.  عندما تكون البيانات الحالية غير كافية، يستخدم الجمع الميداني نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) وأدوات المسح والمحطات الإجمالية لنقاط التحكم الدقيقة.  تعمل صور الأقمار الصناعية والصور الفوتوغرافية على تعزيز النماذج الجغرافية، مما يضمن مجموعات بيانات موثوقة ودقيقة.

برامج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والأجهزة ومصادر بيانات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية

يجمع نظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) بين البرامج والأجهزة المتخصصة لإدارة البيانات المكانية والبيانات ذات الصلة وتحليلها وتقديمها بشكل فعال. يتضمن برنامج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية وظائف مهمة مثل واجهة المستخدم لسهولة التنقل ، وأدوات إدارة قواعد البيانات للتعامل مع البيانات المكانية والبيانات السمية ، وميزات استرجاع البيانات للوصول الفعال. تقوم الأدوات التحليلية بتحويل البيانات الأولية إلى رؤى ، بينما تنتج وظائف العرض خرائط وتقارير بتنسيقات مختلفة للاتصال الفعال. قد تتضمن خيارات البرامج المتقدمة أدوات مثل تحليل الشبكة للتوجيه والخدمات اللوجستية. يعتمد اختيار برنامج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية المناسب على عوامل مثل التكلفة والوظائف ومتطلبات المشروع. تشتمل أجهزة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية على أنظمة كمبيوتر قياسية مثل أجهزة الكمبيوتر ومحطات عمل UNIX والحواسيب المركزية، وغالبا ما تعمل في بيئات متصلة بالشبكة لتمكين مشاركة البيانات. تقوم أجهزة الإدخال المتخصصة مثل أجهزة التحويل الرقمي بتتبع الخرائط المطبوعة ، بينما تقوم الماسحات الضوئية بتحويلها إلى تنسيقات نقطية. تعمل الأجهزة الميدانية مثل وحدات GPS المحمولة المدمجة مع برنامج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية على تبسيط جمع البيانات المكانية ، مما يسمح بالالتقاط المتزامن للبيانات المكانية والسمات. تنتج أجهزة الإخراج ، بما في ذلك الراسمات والطابعات النافثة للحبر ، خرائط وبيانات ذات صلة لتطبيقات متنوعة. تعتمد نظم المعلومات الجغرافية على مصادر بيانات مختلفة. توفر الوكالات الحكومية ، مثل هيئة المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكية (USGS) و NOAA ومكتب الإحصاء ، خرائط وبيانات تعداد وصور جوية. يمكن الوصول بسهولة إلى مجموعات البيانات هذه ، غالبا في تنسيقات رقمية. ويؤدي جمع البيانات الميدانية باستخدام نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) وأدوات المسح إلى إنشاء نقاط تحكم جديدة عندما تكون البيانات الموجودة غير كافية. تشمل المصادر الإضافية صور الأقمار الصناعية ، والصور التقويمية ، والمسح التصويري الجوي ، مما يوفر صورا عالية الجودة لرسم خرائط GIS. تتيح نظم المعلومات الجغرافية جمع البيانات وتحليلها وتصورها بدقة من خلال دمج البرامج والأجهزة ومصادر البيانات المتنوعة. تتراوح تطبيقاته من التخطيط الحضري والإدارة البيئية إلى الخدمات اللوجستية والملاحة ، مما يجعل نظم المعلومات الجغرافية أداة أساسية لحل المشكلات المكانية في العالم الحقيقي.

A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS ...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

الهندسة المدنية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS)

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

gis tools, devices, and data sources

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use software, hardware, and data sources to manage and study spatial information. GIS software helps users move through the system, store spatial and attribute data, and find information quickly. It also includes tools for analysis and display, so users can turn raw data into useful maps and reports.

Some GIS programs also add advanced features such as network analysis. Network analysis helps with tasks like routing and logistics. The best software choice often depends on cost, needed functions, and the goals of the project.

GIS hardware includes common computer systems such as PCs, UNIX workstations, and mainframes. These systems often work in a network so data can be shared. GIS also uses input devices like digitizers, which trace paper maps, and scanners, which convert hardcopy maps into raster images.

Field data collection can also use handheld GPS units linked to GIS software. This setup helps collect spatial data and attribute data at the same time. Output devices, such as inkjet plotters and printers, then create maps and related data for different uses.

GIS data can come from many sources. Government agencies such as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), NOAA, and the Census Bureau provide maps, census data, and aerial photos. These datasets are often available in digital form and are easy to access.

When existing data is not enough, field data collection can create new control points with GPS and surveying tools. Other useful sources include satellite imagery, orthophotos, and aerial photogrammetry. Together, these software tools, hardware devices, and data sources make GIS a powerful system for collecting, analyzing, and presenting real-world spatial data.

GIS Tools, Devices, and Data Sources

introduction to gis

GIS Mapping and Spatial Analysis

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to map, store, and analyze spatial data. Spatial data is information tied to a location. GIS also keeps related attributes, which are details about that location or feature. This lets users ask questions such as where something is and how far apart places are. GIS can connect many kinds of information to a map. For example, housing data can be linked to zip codes to study population density and housing distribution. The results are often shown with...

thematic layering in gis

GIS Maps for Site Planning

GIS maps help planners organize and compare geographic data for site planning. Before GIS, projects such as schools and public facilities required many separate data sources. Teams had to gather property boundaries, soil characteristics, road networks, zoning rules, and flood zones from courthouses, utility providers, and registry offices. Putting all of that information together often took several months. Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, changed that process. GIS is a computer-based...

levels of use of a gis

GIS for Data, Analysis, and Prediction

Geographic information systems, or GIS, support data management, analysis, and prediction. These three levels show how GIS becomes more powerful as it handles spatial data for different uses. The same system can store information, study patterns, and help estimate future outcomes. At the most basic level, GIS is used for data management. It can input, store, retrieve, and organize spatial data. This is common in infrastructure systems, such as sewer networks. GIS can also keep details like...

selected data about geographic locations

GIS Data Models for Mapping Places

Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, use spatial data and attribute data to map places and features. Spatial data gives the physical location of a feature in a coordinate system, often as latitude and longitude. It helps place roads, rivers, and buildings in the right spot. Attribute data adds details that describe those features. A road, for example, can be mapped by its start and end coordinates, then described by its name, type, surface material, and condition. Together, spatial and...

gis software, hardware, and sources of gis data

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use software, hardware, and data sources to manage and study spatial information. GIS software helps users move through the system, store spatial and attribute data, and find information quickly. It also includes tools for analysis and display, so users can turn raw data into useful maps and reports. Some GIS programs also add advanced features such as network analysis. Network analysis helps with tasks like routing and logistics. The best software choice...

manipulation and analysis

GIS Spatial Analysis for Planning

GIS spatial analysis supports planning and decision-making by turning map data into useful answers. It includes simple data retrieval, such as selecting records by specific criteria, and more advanced methods for solving spatial problems. These tools help users compare places, measure relationships, and present results clearly. Overlaying is one key GIS method. It combines multiple data layers so users can study how one feature affects another. For example, overlaying a river-dammed lake...

coordinates and map projections

Latitude, Longitude, and Flat Maps

Latitude, longitude, and map projections are the tools cartographers use to place Earth on a map. Latitude tells how far a point is north or south of the equator. Longitude tells how far it is east or west of the prime meridian. Together, they create a grid that can locate any place on Earth and support GPS and other global navigation systems. Map projections solve the problem of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat page. That change always creates some distortion. Because of that,...

applications of gis: disaster management and emergency response

applications-of-gis-disaster-management-and-emergency-response

GIS for Flood Risk and Relief Planning

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology helps emergency teams plan for floods and other natural disasters. It combines spatial data, which shows where things are, with demographic data, which shows who lives there. This gives planners a clear way to identify risk, choose actions, and use resources well during critical events. GIS can build flood risk maps by layering rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels. These layers help show areas that may flood because...

design example: alignment of a road line using gis

design-example-alignment-of-a-road-line-using-gis

Using GIS to Compare Road Route Options

GIS can help engineers compare road route options before a road is built. Geographic Information Systems use geospatial data, which is location-based information, to study the land and plan a safe and practical route. The route study starts with data on land cover, geomorphology, drainage patterns, slope, and contour details. This information is often gathered from satellite imagery and GIS tools. Together, these layers show how the terrain changes across the project area. After the data is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how GIS software, hardware, and data sources work together to collect, analyze, and display spatial data for mapping, planning, and navigation.

GIS Tools, Devices, and Data Sources | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Earth's Systems

9-12.ESS.2.4.e

9-12.ESS.2.6.d

9-12.ESS.2.7.e

9-12.ESS.2.8.c

Environmental Science

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3.b

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.6.a

9-12.EVS.4.9.a

9-12.EVS.4.12.b

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Energy

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the connections among mass, gravity, and fusion in the life cycle of stars.

9-12.ESS.1.1

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

a. Utilize models to explain the process of stellar evolution from star birth to star death.

9-12.ESS.1.1.a

Balmer Series

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy

Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is one of the most popular analytical ...

Emission Spectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a ...

Introduction to the Spectrophotometer

The spectrophotometer is a routinely used instrument in scientific research.  Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of how much a chemical ...

b. Interpret the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to analyze the properties of stars, including density, magnitude, temperature, rates of fusion, and spectral class.

9-12.ESS.1.1.b

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and ...

c. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how nuclear fusion in stars and supernovas leads to the formation of all other elements.

9-12.ESS.1.1.c

d. Analyze and interpret data to quantify the energy produced in stars, using Einstein's theory of general relativity by applying $E=mc^{2}$ to show that the small amount of mass produced during hydrogen fusion produces a large amount of energy.

9-12.ESS.1.1.d

Classical Mechanics

Classical mechanics provides a mathematical description of the motion of bodies under the influence of forces. A key principle within this field is the ...

The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...

interaction-of-em-radiation-with-matter-spectroscopy

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in ...

2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the structure and motion of components of the universe and solar system.

9-12.ESS.1.2

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He ...

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His ...

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. In ...

Newton's First Law: Introduction

Motion draws our attention. Motion itself can be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces needed to create spectacular sights, such as that of a ...

Newton's Second Law

Newton&#39;s second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes ...

Newton's Third Law: Introduction

Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, to the force that it ...

a. Use mathematics and computational thinking to predict the motion of natural and man-made objects in the solar system, using Kepler's laws, Newton's laws of motion, and Newton's gravitational laws.

9-12.ESS.1.2.a

Doppler Effect - I

The Doppler effect and Doppler shift were named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler in 1842, who conducted experiments ...

Doppler Effect - II

The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on ...

propagation-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere&#39;s law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere&#39;s law is given as:


Consider a plane ...

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as ...

Units and Standards of Measurement

A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, ...

b. Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the relationships between the properties of light and distances in the solar system and universe, including the Doppler effect, red shift, light years, and astronomical units.

9-12.ESS.1.2.b

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded ...

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...

c. Analyze spectroscopic data to determine the properties and motion of objects in space. Example: Use spectral lines to identify unknown elements in stars. Use a blackbody curve to determine the temperature of objects in space.

9-12.ESS.1.2.c

acceleration-due-to-gravity-on-other-planets

Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets

The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth&#39;s surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting ...

Tidal Forces

The origin of Earth&#39;s ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be ...

d. Investigate and communicate major properties of bodies in the solar system and the zones they inhabit. Examples: planets, dwarf planets, major moons, asteroid belt, comets, the Kuiper belt, the Öort cloud

9-12.ESS.1.2.d

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:

where &#963; is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...

Geoid and Ellipsoid

The Earth's shape is best described as an ellipsoid, a slightly flattened sphere created by rotating an ellipse around its minor axis. This flattening ...

Survey Safety

Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use ...

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

e. Use mathematics to explain how solar intensity and the tilt of the Earth's axis impact the distribution of sunlight on the Earth's surface, including zenith angle, solar angle, and surface area.

9-12.ESS.1.2.e

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Our everyday observation tells us that all objects close to the Earth naturally tend to fall to the ground. Early philosophers assumed that this downward ...

space-time-curvature-and-the-general-theory-of-relativity

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than ...

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14686.jpg

circular-orbits-and-critical-velocity-for-satellites

Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites

The Moon orbits around the Earth. In turn, the Earth (and other planets) orbit the Sun. The space directly above our atmosphere is filled with artificial ...

3. Research, evaluate, and communicate information about how the findings of early astronomers, including Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Brahe, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein, challenged the thinking of their time, allowed for academic advancements, and built a foundation for space exploration. Examples: Ptolemy supported a geocentric solar system with fixed stars, circular orbits of planets, and a perfect and unchanging universe. Kepler supported a heliocentric solar system, elliptical orbits of planets, and a changing universe; his laws predict the motions of satellites.

9-12.ESS.1.3

The Scope of Physics

Physics is concerned with the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time, in order to discover the underlying mechanisms that underpin all phenomena. ...

a. Obtain and evaluate scientific information that explains how the application of new knowledge and technological advances has improved human understanding of the universe. Examples: Annie Cannon designed a star classification system based on star color and temperature that is still used today. Edwin Hubble used Christian Doppler's research to determine redshift. Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias discovered Cosmic Background Radiation, providing evidence for an expanding universe. Stephen Hawking and Neil deGrasse Tyson made astronomy more accessible to the public.

9-12.ESS.1.3.a

Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely ...

Detection of Black Holes

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their ...

b. Construct an evidence-based explanation of the connections among various cosmic phenomena, citing leading scientific theories.

9-12.ESS.1.3.b

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion ...

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket&#39;s momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) ...

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical ...

c. Obtain and communicate information about Alabama's contributions to space exploration.

GIS Tools, Devices, and Data Sources

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