Name: estimating area with the midpoint rule
Uploaded: 2026-01-12T12:24:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

تساعد قاعدة نقطة المنتصف في تقدير المساحة تحت المنحنى عن طريق تقسيم الفترة إلى فترات فرعية متساوية.يتم حساب منتصف كل فترة فرعية كمتوسط نقطتي نهايتها. قيمة الدالة عند هذه النقاط الوسطى تعطي ارتفاع المستطيلات المرسومة فوقها. غالبا ما يعطي هذا النهج تقديرا أكثر دقة من الطرق التي تستخدم نقاط نهاية يسارية أو يمينية للنهاية، حيث يقلل من الأخطاء الناتجة عن التقليل أو المبالغة في تقدير المساحة.فكر في منطقة بجانب نهر. تحده خطان عموديين على الجانبين، خط أفقي في الأسفل، وضفة نهر منحنية في الأعلى.لتقدير مساحتها، يتم تقسيم المنطقة إلى عدة مستطيلات متساوية العرض.يتم تحديد ارتفاع كل مستطيل باستخدام الدالة في منتصف قاعدته.يتم إيجاد مساحة كل مستطيل بضرب ارتفاعه في عرض المسافة الفرعية. تجمع هذه المساحات لتقريب المساحة الكلية تحت المنحنى، مما يعطي صيغة قاعدة النقطة الوسطى.مع زيادة عدد المستطيلات وضيقها، يتحسن التقدير ويقترب من المساحة الفعلية.

قاعدة نقطة المنتصف

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Education

JoVE Core

Calculus

حساب التفاضل والتكامل

Unit

وحدة

Integrals

التكاملات

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

Midpoint Rule

estimating area with the midpoint rule

The Midpoint Rule estimates the area under a curve by using rectangles. It is a numerical method that helps when an exact area is hard to find or not practical to calculate. By using rectangle heights from midpoints, it gives a useful approximation over a chosen interval.

To use the Midpoint Rule, the interval is split into equal subintervals. The midpoint of each subinterval is found by averaging its two endpoints. The function value at that midpoint gives the height of a rectangle over that subinterval.

This midpoint choice often matches the average behavior of the curve better than using the left or right endpoint. That can reduce the error that may happen with overestimation or underestimation. In this way, the method gives a closer area estimate than simple endpoint-based rectangles in many cases.

The idea can be shown with a region next to a river. The region is bounded on the left and right by vertical lines, below by a horizontal line, and above by a curved riverbank. Since the upper edge is irregular, its area is not easy to find with simple geometry.

The area is approximated by dividing the region into several rectangles of equal width. Each rectangle’s area is found by multiplying its width by its midpoint height. Adding the areas of all the rectangles gives the estimated total area under the curve.

The estimate improves as the number of rectangles increases and their widths get smaller. The rectangles then follow the curve more closely. As a result, the approximation approaches the true area of the region.

Estimating Area with the Midpoint Rule

area problem

Approximating Area Under a Curve

Approximating area under a curve is a key way to measure regions with curved boundaries. Straight-sided shapes are easy to handle with formulas for rectangles, triangles, and polygons. Curved regions need a different method because standard geometry does not work well on them. The area problem solves this by breaking the region into smaller, simpler shapes. A common approach uses rectangles to estimate the space under a function. Each rectangle gets its height from the function at a chosen...

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Estimating Distance from Changing Velocity

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definite integral

Riemann Sums and Area Estimates

Riemann sums and area estimates are a key part of calculus for finding the area under a curve. When a real-valued function is defined on a closed interval, the area under its graph can be approximated if an exact calculation is not easy to do. The interval is split into equal subintervals. Each subinterval becomes a rectangle. The rectangle’s width is the length of the subinterval, and its height comes from the function value at one chosen point inside that part of the interval. Multiplying...

sums of power

Gauss Sums for Riemann Rectangles

Riemann sums use rectangles to estimate the area under a curve in definite integration. The interval is split into subintervals, and the rectangle areas are added together. When those rectangle heights follow a regular pattern, sum formulas can make the calculation faster and more exact. This page focuses on sums that appear in arithmetic and polynomial sequences. The sum of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes is especially useful when the partition is uniform or when the data has a...

midpoint rule

The Midpoint Rule estimates the area under a curve by using rectangles. It is a numerical method that helps when an exact area is hard to find or not practical to calculate. By using rectangle heights from midpoints, it gives a useful approximation over a chosen interval. To use the Midpoint Rule, the interval is split into equal subintervals. The midpoint of each subinterval is found by averaging its two endpoints. The function value at that midpoint gives the height of a rectangle over that...

properties of definite integral i

Definite Integrals for Car Motion

Definite integrals help describe a car’s motion over time by linking velocity to displacement. In a velocity-time graph, the definite integral shows how velocity builds up over a chosen time interval. The area under the curve gives the total displacement, so the graph becomes a clear picture of how far the car moves. One key idea is linearity of definite integrals. This property lets you add or subtract velocity functions while keeping their accumulated effect. If a car’s motion is made of...

properties of definite integral ii

Definite Integrals in Motion Analysis

Definite integrals can be used to find displacement from a velocity-time graph. A velocity function v(t) describes how motion changes over time. The definite integral of v(t) from a to b gives the net displacement between those times. It also represents the signed area under the velocity curve between the two points. Two useful properties make definite integrals easier to work with in motion problems. The additivity property says that if a continuous function is integrated over adjacent...

properties of definite integral iii

Definite Integral Rules for Motion

The definite integral helps describe motion by showing how far an object travels over time. In this lesson, the key ideas are the Positivity Property and the Comparison Property of definite integrals. Both ideas connect integration to velocity and displacement in a way that is easy to interpret in real situations. The Positivity Property says that if an object’s velocity is nonnegative, then its total displacement over the time interval is also nonnegative. Nonnegative velocity means the...

fundamental theorem of calculus i

Definite Integrals: A Step-by-Step Strategy

Definite integrals are solved best with a clear, step-by-step strategy. The first step is to identify what the problem is asking for. The quantity may be accumulation, area, force, or probability. It is also important to note the integration limits and any constraints that affect the setup. Before evaluating the integral, look for properties that can simplify the work. If the expression has multiple parts, break it into smaller integrals. Known values from earlier work may help too. Symmetry...

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Accumulation and Rates in the Fundamental Theorem

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects accumulation and rate of change. In this lesson, the idea is shown with a water tank that is filled by a pump. The pump rate changes over time, so the total water collected must be found by adding up the changing inflow. In water management, this kind of calculation matters for pressure control, operation timing, and system safety. The flow rate is given by a time-dependent function. To find how much water has entered the tank from the start to a...

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Definite Integrals with Antiderivatives

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2, connects definite integrals with antiderivatives. It shows that the area under a continuous curve can be found without adding infinitely many tiny rectangles one by one. Instead, the integral can be evaluated directly from an antiderivative. If a function f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then its definite integral over that interval can be computed using any antiderivative F(x). The result is written as F(b) - F(a). This works because...

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Integration in Breathing Cycle Modeling

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Finding Water Volume with Integration

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net change theorem

Calculus for Reservoir Overflow Prediction

The Net Change Theorem links a function’s rate of change to its total accumulated change over an interval. In calculus, this means the definite integral of a derivative on [a,b] gives the net change in the original function. The theorem is useful in physics, economics, and engineering because it turns a rate into a total amount. One clear application is a reservoir that receives water from two inflow sources at the same time. The reservoir starts with 260 million cubic meters of water. Each...

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substitution-rule-applied-to-indefinite-integrals

Work Done on a Nonlinear Spring

Work done on a nonlinear spring can be found by using integration and the substitution rule. A linear spring follows Hooke’s law, so its restoring force increases in direct proportion to displacement. That makes the force-displacement graph a straight line and the work calculation straightforward. A nonlinear spring does not obey Hooke’s law. Its restoring force changes with position in a non-proportional way, so the force-displacement graph is curved instead of linear. In the example shown,...

substitution rule applied to definite integrals

substitution-rule-applied-to-definite-integrals

Using Substitution to Evaluate Definite Integrals

Substitution makes definite integrals easier to evaluate when the integrand is a composite function. It works by reversing the chain rule from differentiation. When the expression includes an inner function and its derivative, substitution can simplify the setup quickly. The method starts by choosing the inner function and naming it with a new variable. Then its differential is found and used to replace the original variable terms. The limits of integration are also changed by plugging the...

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Finding Fish Biomass with Integrals

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the Midpoint Rule estimates area under a curve with equal-width rectangles, midpoint heights, and better accuracy as intervals get smaller.

Estimating Area with the Midpoint Rule | JoVE K12

The JoVE Core Calculus collection provides a comprehensive visual guide to the entire calculus sequence, seamlessly connecting mathematical theory to real-world applications in physics and economics. Through dynamic animated lessons, the course transitions smoothly from foundational single-variable concepts to advanced multivariable topics. Students will explore everything from standard differentiation and integration to spatial vectors, multi-dimensional derivatives, and complex vector fields. By breaking down abstract coordinate systems, infinite series, and spatial motion, this structured approach builds the robust analytical skills and advanced mastery essential for STEM success.

calculus

Estimating Area with the Midpoint Rule

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