Name: how hand position guides palpation
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:41:32.000Z
Duration: 5 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

Palpation

1. 患者接触前的准备
<ol>
	<li>保持指甲清洁、整齐并修剪整齐。
	<ol>
		<li>用肥皂和水或外用消毒液洗手。</li>
		<li>尽可能温暖双手（例如在接触患者之前，用温水或相互揉搓手部进行预热。</li>
		<li>如果临床接触中需要采取任何特定的感染控制措施（例如，接触隔离预防措施），向患者解释您穿戴防护装备的原因。请注意，隔离衣、手套和口罩可能会成为与患者建立关系的障碍。3</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. 检查的组成部分
<ol>
	<li>熟悉检查中每个区域/解剖部位的具体触诊技术；请参考各个单独的视频，了解触诊的应用方法。</li>
	<li>直接在患者皮肤上进行触诊。采用适当的遮盖技术以优化操作通路，同时兼顾患者的隐私保护。具体细节请参考关于遮盖技术的视频。</li>
</ol>
3. 一般注意事项
<ol>
	<li>为了逐步进入患者的个人空间，并评估患者对临床医生触诊的接受程度，许多医务人员会从检查手部开始。先用指尖轻柔触诊甲床（以评估毛细血管再充盈情况和苍白程度），再用指腹触诊桡动脉搏动，以此种无威胁的方式建立初次接触。</li>
	<li>在大多数触诊操作中应使用指腹，但以下情况例外：
	<ol>
		<li>使用指尖触诊甲床、肝缘和宫颈。</li>
		<li>评估触觉震颤时使用手的尺侧。</li>
		<li>评估胸廓扩张度、心前区心尖搏动（PMI）/抬举/震颤以及进行腹部浅部和深部触诊、抗阻肌力测试时，使用手指和/或手掌的掌面。</li>
		<li>使用手背评估皮肤相对温度（通常与患者身体其他部位进行比较）。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>注意触诊时所用的压力大小，应根据被检查结构的不同而调整。例如，压力过大可能压迫脉搏，导致患者不适并降低检查的有效性；压力不足则可能无法触及深部结构（e.g.，腹主动脉）。</li>
	<li>注意施加压力的持续时间，应根据被检查结构的不同而有所调整。例如，若检查者未持续按压数秒以上，可能遗漏紧张性下肢凹陷性水肿；同样，若按压时间不足，可能无法识别可褪色性皮疹。相反，在具有腹膜刺激征的患者中，过长时间的触诊会带来不必要的痛苦，且不会提高诊断价值。</li>
	<li>对于已知存在疼痛的区域，建议在体格检查接近结束时再进行触诊，并向患者明确说明这是出于对其舒适度的考虑。例如，若患者有急性右膝疼痛，可先检查左侧下肢，再检查右侧踝关节和髋关节，这样在检查疼痛的右膝时，患者可能更为放松。</li>
	<li>在承认某些检查步骤可能引起患者不适的同时，应表达同理心。患者虽预期会接受检查，但在进行可能加重其疼痛的操作前（e.g.，对疑似阑尾炎患者进行腹部触诊），应事先征得同意并给予提醒。</li>
</ol>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0">
	在体格检查过程中，临床医生通过触诊运用触觉获取有用的诊断信息。触诊是一种评估技术，检查者利用手指和手掌的表面来触摸和检查器官或身体部位。虽然触诊是体格检查诊断方面的重要基础，但同样需要认识到，在医患接触过程中，触觉在传递关怀与安慰方面也发挥着重要作用。
	本视频将演示不同的触诊技术，并讨论该操作的方法及相关注意事项。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1">
	首先，让我们讨论基于检查者手部不同部位所使用的各种触诊技术。大多数身体部位的触诊使用手指指腹。由于指腹具有密集的感觉神经支配，因此适用于精细辨别，例如确定肿块的边界，或在检查淋巴结时使用。指尖则用于触诊特定结构，如甲床、肝缘和宫颈。除了指尖和指腹外，医生在进行特殊检查（如触觉语颤）时，还会使用手掌的尺侧缘及小指来感知振动。评估胸部扩张、心前区触诊、浅部和深部腹部触诊以及肌力测试等功能时，应使用手指和手掌的掌面。最后，手背表面用于粗略判断相对温度，通常通过与患者身体其他部位进行比较来实现。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2">
	了解了不同的触诊技术后，接下来我们讨论在任何临床检查过程中进行触诊的一般方法。
	每次接触患者之前，请确保指甲清洁、整齐并已修剪。用肥皂和水洗手，或使用局部消毒液。用温水或双手相互摩擦来温暖双手。如需采取特定的感染控制措施，请穿戴防护装备，并向患者解释其必要性。请注意：隔离衣、手套和口罩可能会妨碍与患者建立良好关系。
	为了评估患者对医生触碰的接受程度，可从检查双手开始。首先用指尖触诊甲床，以评估毛细血管再充盈情况和苍白程度。然后用指腹触诊桡动脉搏动。随后转移到目标解剖区域，本例中为腹部区域。采用适当的遮盖技术，在保护患者隐私的同时优化检查操作。接下来，请患者指出不适部位。可考虑将该区域留至最后触诊，并向患者明确说明这是为了提高舒适度，“为了让您更舒适一些，我将把这个区域留到最后检查。”
	通常情况下，应注意触诊时所施加的压力，因其需根据被检结构的不同而调整。例如，压力不足可能无法触及深部结构，而压力过大则可能压迫脉搏，引起不适并影响检查效果。触诊持续时间也应有明确目的，同样需根据被检结构而定。例如，在检查下肢时，必须持续足够时间的触诊以判断是否存在凹陷性水肿（如果存在）。若触诊时间不足，此类信息可能被遗漏。此外，在意识到某些部位的检查可能引起患者不适时，应表达同理心。尽管患者预期会接受检查，但当您即将进行可能加重疼痛的操作时，务必事先征得同意并给予提醒。检查结束时，重新为患者盖好遮布，并感谢其配合。
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3">
	您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于触诊的简介视频。本演示涵盖了体格检查中与触诊相关的类型和一般注意事项。通过仔细运用这一技术，临床医生不仅有机会获取重要的诊断信息，还能与患者建立良好关系，促进康复。一如既往，感谢您的观看！
</div>

本演示介绍了体格检查中与触诊相关的一般注意事项。尽管具体技术会因检查部位的不同而有所差异，但许多与触诊相关的通用原则在整个检查过程中均适用。通过洗手、适当修饰仪容、温暖双手、采取感染控制预防措施以及得体的遮盖，可确保患者的安全与舒适。应根据不同的触诊类型使用手指和手的适当部位，其中最常用的是指腹进行检查。临床医生在触诊过程中应对施加压力的强度和持续时间保持明确的目的性；这些参数需根据受检身体部位及患者的具体情况而调整。最后，临床医生应牢记，触诊在医患互动中具有重要的治疗价值，并有助于建立良好的医患关系。在诊疗过程中，最直接的物理接触即通过触诊实现，这为巩固在病史采集阶段已开始建立的医患联系提供了重要契机。

触诊

来源： <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Jaideep+S._Talwalkar">Jaideep S. Talwalkar</a>，医学博士，内科与儿科学，耶鲁大学医学院，美国康涅狄格州纽黑文市
体格检查需要医务人员运用所有感官来获取有关患者的信息。通过触诊，利用触觉来获得诊断信息。
检查者用于触诊的手部具体部位取决于被检查的身体区域。由于指腹具有密集的感觉神经支配，因此适用于精细辨别例如，界定肿块、淋巴结的边界）图1）。手背可粗略感知相对温度（图2手指和手掌的掌侧表面最适用于对身体大范围区域进行探查。例如，腹部）（图3）。振动感最好用手掌尺侧和5th 手指（例如，触觉震颤）（图4).
尽管触诊是体格检查诊断部分的基础，但同样重要的是要认识到，在患者就诊过程中，触觉在传递关怀与安慰方面所起的作用。患者通常对医疗保健提供者的触碰持积极看法，且其对医疗保健提供者的印象可能受到临床诊疗中熟练运用触觉的影响1。身体接触已被证实与激素和神经递质水平的变化相关，特别是皮质醇水平降低以及血清素水平升高2。
因此，在体格检查过程中，通过谨慎地运用触诊及一般的触觉，临床医生不仅有机会获取重要的诊断信息，同时还能建立良好的医患关系并促进患者康复。
<img alt="医学检查、皮肤科检查、手动皮肤评估、患者检查设置。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10143/10143fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图1"> 
图1. 使用指腹进行淋巴结检查。
<img alt="触诊技术演示，医疗操作，用于评估的临床检查方法。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10143/10143fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图2"> 
图2. 使用手背评估温度。
<img alt="腹部检查，体格诊断方法，临床评估，患者评估流程" src="/files/ftp_upload/10143/10143fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 3"> 
图 3. 使用手指和手掌的掌面进行腹部触诊。
<img alt="脊椎矫正、手法脊柱操作治疗、缓解背痛操作。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10143/10143fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="图 4"> 
图 4. 使用手的尺侧表面评估触觉震颤。

来源：Jaideep S. Talwalkar，医学博士，内科与儿科学，耶鲁大学医学院，康涅狄格州纽黑文市  
体格检查需要使用……

在体格检查过程中，临床医生通过触诊运用触觉获取有用的诊断信息。触诊是一种评估技术，检查者利用手指和手掌的表面来触摸和检查器官或身体部位。虽然触诊是体格检查诊断方面的重要基础，但同样需要认识到，在与患者接触过程中，触觉在传递关怀与安慰方面也发挥着重要作用。本视频将演示不同的触诊技术，并讨论该操作的实施方法和注意事项。首先，让我们讨论基于检查者手部不同部位所使用的各种触诊技术。大多数身体部位的触诊使用手指指腹进行。由于指腹具有密集的感觉神经支配，因此适用于精细辨别，例如确定肿块的边界，或在检查淋巴结时使用。指尖则用于触诊特定结构，如甲床、肝脏边缘和宫颈。除了指尖和指腹外，医生在进行特殊检查（如触觉语颤）时，还会使用手掌尺侧及小指来感知振动。评估胸部扩张、心前区触诊、浅部和深部腹部触诊以及肌力测试等功能时，应使用手指和手掌的掌面。最后，手背表面用于粗略判断相对温度，通常通过与患者身体其他部位进行比较来实现。现在您已经了解了不同的触诊技术，接下来让我们讨论在任何临床检查过程中进行触诊的一般方法。每次接诊患者前，务必确保指甲清洁、整齐并已修剪。使用肥皂和水洗手，或涂抹局部消毒液。用温水或双手相互摩擦的方式使手部温暖。如需采取特定的感染控制措施，应穿戴防护装备，并向患者解释其必要性。请注意：隔离衣、手套和口罩可能会影响与患者之间关系的建立。为了评估患者对临床医生触诊的耐受程度，可从检查手部开始。首先用指尖触诊甲床，评估毛细血管再充盈情况及有无苍白。然后用指腹触诊桡动脉搏动。接着移至目标解剖区域，本例为腹部区域。采用适当的遮盖技术，在保证患者隐私的同时优化检查操作的可及性。随后，请患者指出不适部位。可考虑将该区域的触诊安排在最后进行，并向患者说明这是为了提高其舒适度，例如告知患者：“为了使您更舒适，我将最后检查这个部位。”通常情况下，应注意触诊时所用的压力，因为不同解剖结构所需的触诊力度各不相同。例如，压力不足可能无法触及深层结构，而压力过大则可能压迫脉搏，引起患者不适并影响检查效果。触诊持续时间也应有意识地控制，具体时长需根据所检查的结构而定。例如，在检查下肢时，必须进行足够长时间的触诊，以判断是否存在凹陷性水肿。如果触诊时间不足，此类重要信息可能被遗漏。此外，在检查过程中应表现出同理心，意识到对某些部位的检查可能会引起患者不适。尽管患者预期会接受检查，但在进行可能加重疼痛的操作前，务必事先征得同意并给予提醒。检查结束时，应重新为患者盖好盖单，并感谢其配合。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于触诊的简介视频。本演示涵盖了体格检查中与触诊相关的类型和一般注意事项。通过仔细运用这一技术，临床医生有机会获取重要的诊断信息，同时建立良好的医患关系并促进康复。一如既往，感谢您的观看！

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

临床技能

Physical Examinations I

体格检查 I

how hand position guides palpation

Palpation uses touch to collect diagnostic information during the physical exam. It is one of the ways a healthcare provider uses the senses to learn more about a patient. The part of the hand used for palpation changes depending on the body area being examined.

Finger pads are best for fine detail. Their dense sensory nerves help the examiner feel small features, such as the borders of masses or lymph nodes. The back of the hand, also called the dorsal surface, gives a rough sense of relative temperature. This makes it useful for checking warmth.

The palmar surfaces of the fingers and hands are better for surveying larger areas of the body, such as the abdomen. When vibration needs to be felt, the ulnar surface of the hand and the fifth finger work best. This is useful for checking tactile fremitus, which is vibration felt through the chest wall.

Palpation also has a human side. Touch can communicate care and comfort during a patient encounter. Patients generally view healthcare provider touch positively, and skilled touch can shape how they perceive the provider. Physical contact has also been linked to lower cortisol and higher serotonin. Used well, palpation helps with diagnosis, rapport, and healing.

How Hand Position Guides Palpation

general approach to the physical exam

Why Physical Exams Still Matter

Physical examination remains an important part of medicine. Doctors have used the body exam for centuries to connect changes in body function with disease. Even with modern imaging and lab tests, the bedside exam still helps clinicians understand what may be happening in the patient. Physical examination is not a replacement for tests, and it does not answer every question. Some maneuvers that were once highly valued may have limited usefulness. Still, many conditions can only be found through...

observation and inspection

Clinical Observation in Physical Exam

Clinical observation is the starting point of a physical examination and begins at the first contact with a patient. Observation is a broad term for using the senses carefully to gather information. Inspection is a narrower term. It refers to what can be seen with the eyes, especially on the surface of the body, rather than to behavior. Skilled clinicians use more than sight when they examine a patient. They also rely on touch, through palpation and percussion, and on hearing, through...

palpation

Palpation uses touch to collect diagnostic information during the physical exam. It is one of the ways a healthcare provider uses the senses to learn more about a patient. The part of the hand used for palpation changes depending on the body area being examined. Finger pads are best for fine detail. Their dense sensory nerves help the examiner feel small features, such as the borders of masses or lymph nodes. The back of the hand, also called the dorsal surface, gives a rough sense of relative...

percussion

Clinical Percussion and Body Sound

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auscultation

Stethoscope Sounds in Clinical Exam

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proper adjustment of patient attire during the physical exam

proper-adjustment-of-patient-attire-during-the-physical-exam

Draping for a Better Physical Exam

Draping is an important part of a careful physical exam. It helps the provider examine the right body area while also protecting patient modesty. Good draping takes practice because the examiner must balance exposure with comfort. Correct technique also improves the accuracy of the exam. Skin lesions can be missed if inspection is done through clothing. Lung crackles may be reported by mistake when the chest is examined through a T-shirt, and subtle heart findings can be missed when...

blood pressure measurement

Manual Blood Pressure Reading Steps

Blood pressure reading uses an indirect method to measure the pressure of blood against vessel walls. Blood pressure, or BP, is a vital sign that is checked routinely in hospital and outpatient settings. It is one of the most common medical assessments performed around the world. The indirect method is non-invasive, safe, and easily reproducible, so it is used most often. BP can be measured automatically by oscillometry or manually by auscultation. Auscultation uses a sphygmomanometer, which...

measuring vital signs

Vital Sign Ranges and Patient Status

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respiratory exam i: inspection and palpation

respiratory-exam-i-inspection-and-palpation

Checking Breathing Distress by Exam

Respiratory exam starts with looking for breathing distress and feeling the chest. Shortness of breath is a common reason for both outpatient and inpatient evaluation. Early inspection can reveal fast breathing or cyanosis, which is a bluish color change that can signal low oxygen. If a patient shows respiratory distress, the situation needs urgent attention and oxygen therapy. In many cases, careful clinical examination can help identify lung problems without relying only on tests. This is...

respiratory exam ii: percussion and auscultation

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Respiratory Exam: Lung Sounds and Percussion

Respiratory exam skills include percussion and auscultation of the lungs. These techniques help identify lung problems during a physical exam. Percussion uses tapping to assess the chest, and auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen for breath sounds. Percussion is a useful skill that is often skipped in routine clinical practice. When it is done correctly, it can help a physician detect underlying lung pathology. Auscultation can also give an almost immediate clue to several acute pulmonary...

cardiac exam i: inspection and palpation

Cardiac Exam I: Checking the Chest First

Cardiac exam inspection and palpation are the first steps in a careful heart assessment. These steps help a physician gather useful information before using a stethoscope. They are part of the core examination performed when a patient is first seen. Heart and circulatory disorders are common reasons for hospital admission. They can include conditions such as myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. Because of this, learning a complete cardiac examination is important for any...

cardiac exam ii: auscultation

Listening for Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds

Heart auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds and check for normal and abnormal patterns. For physicians, knowing how to hear these sounds and tell them apart is an essential skill. The sound heard at each spot on the chest relates to the closing of specific heart valves. The heart has two main sounds, called S1 and S2. S1 happens when the mitral and tricuspid valves, which are the atrioventricular valves, close after blood enters the ventricles. This marks the start of...

cardiac exam iii: abnormal heart sounds

Heart Murmurs and Gallop Sounds

Heart murmurs and gallop sounds are abnormal heart sounds that can be heard during auscultation, or listening to the heart with a stethoscope. A good understanding of normal heart sounds is the first step in telling normal sounds apart from abnormal ones. Murmurs usually have a swishing quality and point to turbulent blood flow across a heart valve. Murmurs can happen because a valve is too narrow, which is called stenosis, or because blood leaks backward across the valve, which is called...

peripheral vascular exam

Assessing PAD and Venous Signs

Peripheral vascular disease can affect blood flow in the arms and legs, and careful exam steps help reveal signs of disease. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and tobacco use. Symptoms may appear as limb claudication, which is cramp-like muscle pain that gets worse with activity and better with rest. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can cause lower extremity swelling,...

peripheral vascular exam using a continuous wave doppler

peripheral-vascular-exam-using-a-continuous-wave-doppler

Bedside Doppler for Leg Blood Flow Checks

Peripheral vascular disease affects the arteries and veins outside the heart, and it is common in older adults. History and physical exam can suggest the diagnosis, but Doppler ultrasound is now a routine part of the bedside vascular exam. This lesson focuses on bedside assessment of peripheral arterial disease and chronic venous insufficiency with a handheld continuous wave Doppler. A handheld Doppler is a simple tool that sends and receives ultrasound at the same time. It detects changes in...

physical examinations i

本系列为进行体检提供了基础;从测量血压或生命体征, 到关键的肺和心血管物理检查的技术不等。

Learn how different parts of the hand are used in palpation to check masses, warmth, abdominal areas, and vibration during the physical exam.

How Hand Position Guides Palpation | JoVE K12

Jaideep Talwalkar

Yale School of Medicine

Overview

Types of Palpation

General Approach and Considerations for Palpation

Summary

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein and Protein Structures

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of ...

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

An Overview of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the complex process where a cell uses its genetic information to make functional products. This process is regulated at multiple ...

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An Introduction to Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a microscopic, soil-dwelling roundworm that has been powerfully used as a model organism since the early 1970&rsquo;s.  It was ...

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

An Introduction to Cell Death

Necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death are all manners in which cells can die, and these mechanisms can be induced by different stimuli, such as ...

An Overview of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering &#8211; the process of purposefully altering an organism&#8217;s DNA &#8211; has been used to create powerful research tools and model ...

An Introduction to Cell Division

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An Overview of Genetics and Disease

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An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Cellular and molecular neuroscience is one of the newest and fastest growing subdisciplines in neuroscience. By investigating the influences of genes, ...

Annexin V and Propidium Iodide Labeling

Staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) provides researchers with a way to identify different types of cell death&#8212;either necrosis or ...

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An Introduction to Developmental Genetics

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Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...

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An Introduction to Molecular Developmental Biology

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Bacterial Transformation: The Heat Shock Method

Transformation is the process that occurs when a cell ingests foreign DNA from its surroundings. Transformation can occur in nature in certain types of ...

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An Introduction to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commonly known as baker&rsquo;s yeast) is a single-celled eukaryote that is frequently used in scientific research.  S. ...

Cell Cycle Analysis

Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the ...

An Introduction to Transfection

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Histones are proteins that help organize DNA in eukaryotic nuclei by serving as &#8220;scaffolds&#8221; around which DNA can be wrapped, forming a complex ...

An Overview of Epigenetics

Since the early days of genetics research, scientists have noted certain heritable phenotypic differences that are not due to differences in the ...

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Community DNA Extraction from Bacterial Colonies

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba - The University of Arizona
Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner
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Cytogenetics

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Embryonic Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

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DNA Gel Electrophoresis

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Enzyme Assays and Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics describes the catalytic effects of enzymes, which are biomolecules that facilitate chemical reactions necessary for living organisms. ...

DNA Ligation Reactions

In molecular biology, ligation refers to the joining of two DNA fragments through the formation of a phosphodiester bond.  An enzyme known as a ligase ...

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Explant Culture for Developmental Studies

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DNA Methylation Analysis

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Expression Profiling with Microarrays

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Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation

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Detecting Environmental Microorganisms with the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gel Electrophoresis

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Gel Purification

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Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

HS-LS1-1.

How Hand Position Guides Palpation

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