Name: rodent blood sampling methods
Uploaded: 2016-09-14T17:56:01.000Z
Duration: 6 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

Blood Withdrawal II

此处描述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经IACUC批准。所有操作须遵守3R原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），并由经过培训的人员执行。
1. 小鼠下颌下出血：
下颌下静脉和面部静脉采血在IACUC方案中常被合并，因为它们涉及啮齿类动物相同的解剖区域和密切相关联的采血技术。穿刺部位针对的是颊部区域的血管，不同机构或文献中术语可能有所不同。将两者合并可避免混淆，并确保该单一操作在技术、培训及动物福利方面的标准化。
<ol>
	<li>设备
	<ol>
		<li>血液采集采用自由捕捉法直接收集至采血管或微量离心管中。在某些情况下，可直接采集至血细胞比容管中。</li>
		<li>根据动物的年龄和性别选择合适尺寸的18–22号针头。
		<ol>
			<li>针头的选择应依据小鼠的年龄/体型，并遵循经批准的IACUC指南： 
			22号针头：3–4周龄小鼠（体重低于15克） 
			20号针头：10周龄以下雌性小鼠（体重约低于20克） 
			20号针头：6周龄以下雄性小鼠（体重约低于20克） 
			20号针头：用于单滴血样采集（制备血涂片） 
			18号针头：10周龄以上雌性小鼠（体重约超过20克） 
			18号针头：6周龄以上雄性小鼠（体重约超过20克） 
			18号针头：采集大量血样</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>固定
	<ol>
		<li>采用捏住颈背部皮肤的方法固定小鼠。</li>
		<li>应尽量减少头部的左右移动，以确保针头穿刺准确且安全。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>采血
	<ol>
		<li>持针方向应与皮肤表面垂直。</li>
		<li>在固定小鼠的同时，通过从口角延伸的直线与从外眼角延伸的直线相交处，确定下颌静脉的大致位置。该位置对应于口角后方、下颌线下方略偏处的一个小的无毛凹陷区域。</li>
		<li>为更准确地穿刺血管，应将小鼠置于侧卧位。</li>
		<li>用针尖在此处刺破皮肤，操作时应稳力推进，而非像投掷飞镖一样快速刺入。</li>
		<li>针头插入深度不应超过斜面尖端。</li>
		<li>拔出针头后，血液将开始流出。</li>
		<li>为促进血液流动，应使小鼠头部位置低于心脏水平。</li>
		<li>将血液收集至所需的采血管中。</li>
		<li> 用纱布轻压穿刺部位止血，注意避免触碰眼球角膜</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="啮齿类动物注射操作；实验室研究；戴手套的手、针头、小鼠；科学方法。" src="/files/ftp_upload/10247/10247fig1v2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1784001604000" data-alt="图 1"> 
图 1. 小鼠下颌（面部）静脉采血。
2. 隐静脉采血
<ol>
	<li>设备
	<ol>
		<li>27–25 号针头或采血针（适用于小鼠）</li>
		<li>脱毛工具（推荐使用电动剃毛器）</li>
		<li>血细胞比容管或适当的血液收集管</li>
		<li>无菌纱布或棉签</li>
		<li>无菌用品（例如手套、消毒剂）</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>固定
	<ol>
		<li>轻柔的手动固定或使用固定管</li>
		<li>用手轻柔固定小鼠，持续时间应尽可能短。</li>
		<li>将后肢伸展，并在膝关节上方施加轻柔向下的压力以固定肢体。</li>
		<li>该体位可拉伸踝部皮肤，便于采样时稳定肢体。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>采血
	<ol>
		<li>使用电动剃毛器去除后肢外侧从足部上方至膝关节下方的毛发。</li>
		<li>整个操作过程中应遵循无菌技术。</li>
		<li>在膝关节上方施加轻柔压力，以拉伸皮肤并显露外侧隐静脉。</li>
		<li>
		<div>将针头垂直置于静脉上方的皮肤处。</div>
		<div>小心穿刺血管，避免过深插入下方组织。</div>
		</li>
		<li>
		<div>让血液在皮肤表面形成液滴，通过毛细作用吸入血细胞比容管，或让其自然滴入收集管中。</div>
		</li>
		<li>
		<div>如需重复采样，可交替使用对侧肢体。每次采样最多尝试三次穿刺，24 小时内采样次数不得超过四次。</div>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>
	<div>止血与恢复</div>
	<ol>
		<li>
		<div>通过放松对肢体的抓握，并在穿刺部位用无菌棉签施加轻柔压力来停止出血。</div>
		</li>
		<li>
		<div>在将动物放回饲养笼前，须确认已完全止血。</div>
		</li>
		<li>
		<div>应监测动物是否出现不良反应，如瘀伤、出血、感染或偏倚对侧肢体等现象。</div>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 导管插入术
<ol>
	<li>设备
	<ol>
		<li>合适的无菌导管/套管</li>
		<li>无菌管路、帽盖和连接器</li>
		<li>无菌用品（手套、消毒剂、无菌溶液）</li>
		<li>保护性包扎材料</li>
		<li>如需使用固定系统（例如背心式固定装置、固定绳、旋转接头）</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>固定
	<ol>
		<li>可能需要对动物进行固定，以防止其拔除导管。</li>
		<li>若使用固定系统（例如背心式固定装置和固定绳），应在操作前使动物预先适应。</li>
		<li>在可行的情况下应维持群养；适当保护导管可使某些物种实现群体饲养。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>导管置入与使用
	<ol>
		<li>导管置入可用于实现重复采血，同时减少因反复固定和针刺穿刺所引起的应激。</li>
		<li>当需要在短时间内多次采集样本时，推荐使用该技术。</li>
		<li>操作过程中应采用无菌技术并使用无菌设备，以最大限度降低感染风险。</li>
		<li>选择用于导管置入的动物时，应评估其健康状况及性情是否适合耐受操作和导管维护。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>术后护理与监测
	<ol>
		<li>导管置入可能引起不适，术后应给予适当的镇痛处理。</li>
		<li>在导管留置期间，必须对动物进行密切监测。</li>
		<li>应定期检查导管部位及系统是否存在感染、堵塞或移位的迹象。</li>
		<li>所有采样操作过程中均应保持严格的卫生条件和无菌操作。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
关键术语与定义 
小鼠下颌区域存在一条下颌/面静脉，沿下颌骨走行。两条血管在下颌线下方汇入颈静脉，因此易于接近。可通过交替使用左右两侧，从任一血管进行多次采血。但每侧采血间隔不应短于5-7天。 
从下颌静脉采血时，针头插入深度至关重要。若插入深度超过4-5.5 mm，可能损伤头部、颈部及口腔腔隙内的肌肉、神经及其他血管。继发并发症包括因大量出血导致的低血容量、口腔内液体引起的窒息，以及影响进食和饮水的口腔结构损伤。 
动物固定对于面静脉和下颌静脉采血的成功至关重要。若抓握背部皮肤过紧，可能限制面静脉的血流，导致采集血量减少。面静脉与下颌静脉采血所获血量存在个体差异。必须严格控制采血量，确保不超过机构政策及经批准的动物实验方案所规定的存活动物最大采血限量。在采集到目标血量后确保有效止血，可防止额外或过量失血。 
从隐静脉采血是另一种适用于多次采血的可行替代方法。外侧隐静脉是一条浅表血管，沿跗关节背侧而后外侧行走。尽管该方法在外观上可能比经眼眶后采血更易接受，但由于所需操作准备以及该方法无需麻醉，实际上可能对动物造成更大应激。隐静脉采血可能出现的并发症与穿刺部位相关。若针头未准确刺入血管，血液可能在皮下积聚，形成血肿。其他潜在问题包括瘀伤、可能的感染以及患肢跛行。该方法需要一定培训，但易于掌握。每次采血量为10–150 µL，具体取决于采样频率。由于样本可能混入组织成分，其质量存在变异性。同一后肢在24小时内采血不应超过四次。 
本视频将帮助您解答的问题 
采血方法可能影响样本分析结果。操作人员的技术水平直接影响样本质量及动物福利。麻醉剂的使用也可能影响样本质量。本文所述方法均在未使用麻醉的条件下进行，从而排除了该变量的影响。此外，所有这些技术均可用于对动物造成最小不适的多次采样。

血液采集 ii

来源：Kay Stewart，RVT，RLATG，CMAR；Valerie A. Schroeder，RVT，RLATG。印第安纳州，圣母大学
从小鼠和大鼠采集血液用于分析可通过多种方法进行。每种采血方法在所需固定方式、操作的侵入性以及是否需要全身麻醉方面均有所不同。1传统上曾采用眶后窦腔采血法，但该方法一直存在争议。由于眶后静脉穿刺可能导致组织损伤甚至失明，因此引发了关于其安全性的争论，这促使研究人员开发了小鼠面部静脉和下颌下静脉采血技术。此外，从小鼠和大鼠的隐静脉采血也是一种已建立的技术。这些方法均无需麻醉，因此在使用麻醉剂可能干扰血液检测结果或其他实验数据时尤为适用。

血液采集 II

来源：Kay Stewart，RVT，RLATG，CMAR；Valerie A. Schroeder，RVT，RLATG。美国印第安纳州圣母大学  
小鼠和大鼠血液采集用于……

从啮齿类动物采集血液是多种科学研究的必要步骤，研究人员已开发出不同的方法以实现特定的实验目标。 
在第一个视频中，我们讨论了血液采集的一般注意事项，并回顾了尾静脉采血、尾尖剪切采血、心脏穿刺采血以及眶后静脉丛采血等方法。 
在此，我们将介绍下颌下静脉和隐静脉采血的操作流程。&#160; 
这些方法侵入性较小，且无需麻醉，因此在使用麻醉剂可能干扰血液结果或其他数据时，成为首选方法。 
现在，让我们回顾下颌下静脉采血法。该操作必须由经过培训的人员严格按照机构动物福利指南进行。&#160; 
下颌下静脉沿小鼠下颌走行，并与另一条面部静脉汇合进入颈静脉。&#160; 
打开操作所需的所有采血针或针头以及纱布海绵。&#160; 采血针尺寸和针头规格的选择取决于动物年龄、体重及所需样本量。详见文字版操作流程。 
现在用惯用手固定小鼠，并将尾巴固定以尽量减少动物移动。接着用惯用手取一个已打开的3毫米采血针。&#160; 
找到口角外侧一小块无毛区域，沿直线向耳朵方向延伸，止于该线与外眼角相交处。&#160; 
现在，在此交点处插入采血针以确保充足的血液供应，并利用采血针的平坦侧缘收集一滴血液。&#160; 
用纱布对穿刺部位施加轻柔压力5至10秒，然后将小鼠放回笼中。 
&#160;此外，对于需要重复采样的实验，两次采样之间必须提供足够的恢复时间。可通过交替使用不同侧进行连续采样。&#160; 
现在，让我们学习如何从隐静脉采血。该静脉是一条浅表血管，沿跗关节背侧并向外侧行走。&#160; 
根据机构对该操作的指导原则，动物可处于清醒状态或接受麻醉。 
&#160;通过手动或使用固定装置固定动物以暴露腿部。剃除腿部外侧的毛发，&#160; 范围从足部上方至膝关节下方。&#160; 
施加轻柔压力以显现隐静脉，并用针头刺破血管。 
建议对小鼠使用25–27号针头，对较大的啮齿类动物使用23–25号针头。将血液收集至适当的容器中。&#160; 
用纱布施加轻压以止血。 
在将动物放回饲养笼前，需确认已止血。监测小鼠是否出现痛苦表现，并确保其正常恢复。该方法侵入性极小，允许重复采样。 
此外，若动物已适应并接受过操作和采血训练，该技术可在温和的手动固定下完成，从而将应激降至最低。&#160; 
进一步地，对于长期或短期内多次重复采血的情况，&#160; 可采用血管插管技术。详见文字说明。 
在讨论了血液采集技术的基本原理后，让我们回顾一些这些操作在科学研究中应用的实例。血液常被用于分析疫苗研发过程中的免疫反应。&#160; 
在此，研究人员向患有膀胱癌的动物施用了肽类疫苗。随后，他们通过下颌下静脉采集血液并分离血清，以检测多种细胞因子的水平，这些因子可作为评估疫苗有效性的指标。 
血液采集也常用于通过研究人类疾病的生物标志物（如糖尿病中的血糖水平）来评估治疗效果。&#160; 
这些研究人员旨在评估通过尾静脉递送的一种新型基因疗法在糖尿病动物模型中的疗效。 
&#160;注射后，研究人员在多个时间点从隐静脉采集血液，以分析不同治疗方案对血糖水平的影响。 
最后，在某些实验中，了解动物的基本状态（如炎症或应激水平）非常重要。在此示例中，研究人员在大鼠经历应激事件前后均采集了血浆。&#160; 
如图所示，经历应激事件10分钟后，动物体内皮质酮（即应激激素）的水平升高。 
您刚刚观看了JoVE关于小鼠和大鼠血液采集技术的第二部分内容。&#160; 
观看完这两个视频后，您应对这些动物血液采集的注意事项和操作流程，以及它们在当今生物医学研究中的应用有更深入的理解。&#160;

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

基础生物学

Lab Animal Research

实验动物研究

Rodents

啮齿类动物

rodent blood sampling methods

Blood collection from mice and rats can be done with several methods. The choice depends on the restraint needed, how invasive the procedure is, and whether a general anesthetic is required. These factors help determine which method is best for a given analysis.

One older method uses the retro-orbital sinus cavity, which is located behind the eye. This approach has been debated because it may cause tissue damage or even blindness. For that reason, facial vein and submandibular vein bleeding methods were developed in mice.

Another option is blood collection from the saphenous vein. This technique can be used in both mice and rats. It does not require anesthesia, so it can be useful when anesthetics might change blood results or affect other data.

Rodent Blood Sampling Methods

rodent handling and restraint techniques

Minimizing Stress in Mouse and Rat Handling

Mouse and rat handling can create stress, even when the procedure is brief. Cage changing and other noninvasive tasks can raise heart rate, blood pressure, and serum corticosterone levels. These changes may last for several hours. Restraint for injections and blood withdrawal can also affect the animals and may influence scientific data. Because of this, proper training is needed when working with mice and rats. The goal is to reduce the effect of handling on the animals as much as possible. <br...

basic care procedures

Caring for Research Mice and Rats

Research mice and rats need careful housing, feeding, and handling. These animals make up over 90% of the animals used for biomedical research, so their care can strongly affect experiment results. Both immunocompetent animals, which have a normal immune response, and immunocompromised animals need proper support during studies. Some research animals have weakened immune systems and need extra steps to stay healthy. Common examples include naturally occurring immunocompromised mice and mice...

fundamentals of breeding and weaning

Mouse and Rat Breeding Methods

Mouse and rat breeding methods are used in biomedical research to supply animals for laboratory studies. Many research facilities buy mice from commercial breeders, but some also breed mice and rats in-house. In-house breeding can reduce costs and give researchers more options for their studies. Breeding animals in the facility also lets researchers manage genetics and timing. They can plan pregnancies to match research needs and work with embryos and newborns when needed. Mice and rats can be...

rodent identification i

Mice and Rats: Ear Tags and Punch Codes

Proper identification of laboratory mice and rats is important in biomedical research. The right animal must be used for each procedure and for data collection. Clear identification helps keep research records accurate and reliable. This page focuses on permanent identification methods for mice and rats. These methods include ear tags, ear punch codes, microchip implantation, tail tattoos for adult mice, and toe tattoos for neonates. Temporary methods such as dyes and marking pens can also be...

rodent identification ii

Rodent ID Methods for Accurate Records

Accurate rodent identification supports reliable animal records and data collection. Research animal records may include simple cage cards or a detailed database with full information on each animal. Individual identification is the key part of keeping those records correct. Mice and rats can be identified by several methods. These include tattooing, microchip placement, and temporary identification methods. Each method serves a different need in research animal management. The procedure also...

compound administration i

Rodent Injection Routes and Restraint

Rodent injection routes and restraint methods are key parts of compound administration in mice and rats. When a substance must be injected into an animal, the delivery route and the amount of compound must be chosen with care. The right choice helps match the dose to the protocol. Several factors guide the route of administration. These include the pH of the solution, the volume needed for the desired dose, and the viscosity of the solution. Viscosity means how thick or resistant to flow a...

compound administration ii

Choosing the Right Route for Compound Delivery

Compound delivery is a key part of many animal studies. The route used to give the compound can change how it is absorbed. Careful planning helps make sure the compound is delivered correctly. The substance itself also matters when a route is chosen. Its pH, viscosity, and concentration can all affect which method is best. These properties help guide the choice of administration route in a study.

compound administration iii

Specialized Injection Routes in Mice and Rats

Specialized injection routes in mice and rats are sometimes used when standard compound administration methods are not enough. Some study protocols call for less common routes such as intradermal, intranasal, and intracranial injections. These methods are used in laboratory animals and require careful technique. Intradermal injections place a compound into the skin. Intranasal injections deliver a compound through the nose. Intracranial injections are given into the brain. Because these...

compound administration iv

Specialized Injection Routes in Rodents

Specialized injection routes in laboratory mice and rats include intracardiac, footpad, and retro-orbital administration. These methods are used when a protocol calls for a route that is less common than standard compound delivery methods. Each route requires specialized training to perform correctly. Intracardiac injections deliver into the heart, footpad injections target the paw area, and retro-orbital injections are given around the eye region. Because these procedures are more technical,...

blood withdrawal i

Rodent Blood Collection Methods

Blood collection in mice and rats is a common part of research studies. The method used depends on how much blood is needed, how often samples must be taken, the animal's health, and the technician's skill level. This topic includes three blood withdrawal methods: retro-orbital sinus bleeds, initial tail snip bleeds, and intracardiac bleeds. Each method requires general anesthesia, which means the animal is made unconscious before the procedure begins.

blood withdrawal ii

Blood collection from mice and rats can be done with several methods. The choice depends on the restraint needed, how invasive the procedure is, and whether a general anesthetic is required. These factors help determine which method is best for a given analysis. One older method uses the retro-orbital sinus cavity, which is located behind the eye. This approach has been debated because it may cause tissue damage or even blindness. For that reason, facial vein and submandibular vein bleeding...

anesthesia induction and maintenance

Laboratory Anesthesia and Pain Control

Laboratory anesthesia and pain control are important parts of veterinary care for research animals. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals says that pain assessment and pain relief must be part of that care. Anesthesia means the loss of feeling or sensation.

considerations for rodent surgery 

Aseptic Steps in Rodent Survival Surgery

Aseptic technique is essential for rodent survival surgery. It is used to keep the surgical site as clean as possible and to reduce contamination during the procedure. This approach includes patient preparation, surgeon preparation, and sterilization of instruments and other supplies. It also depends on a clean, controlled environment. Careful planning before surgery helps set up these steps for success. During the operation, animals need close monitoring. After the surgery, postoperative...

diagnostic necropsy and tissue harvest

Rat Necropsy for Tissue Collection

Rat necropsy is a key step for collecting organs and tissues at the end of many animal studies. These final samples are used for data collection time points and later testing. Because the samples are used for analysis, the way they are taken can affect sample quality. Careful collection methods help preserve the organs and tissues for testing. The method of euthanasia, or the procedure used to humanely end the animal's life, can also affect sample quality. This article outlines proper necropsy...

sterile tissue harvest

Aseptic Organ Collection in Rats and Mice

Aseptic organ collection in rats and mice is used to keep harvested tissues free from contamination. The process is important when tissues will be used for cell and tissue cultures. It also supports later protein and RNA analysis, as well as metabolic profiling of tissues. The transcript connects this work to the 3 R's, which were introduced in 1959 by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The 3 R's are replacement, reduction, and refinement in the...

early intervention and pain management

早期干预与疼痛管理

此处所述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经IACUC批准。所有操作均须遵守3R原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），且必须由经过培训的人员执行。  监测动物疼痛与痛苦的迹象 识别疼痛的早期征象对于符合伦理的动物研究至关重要。通常通过反映动物整体健康状况的行为、生理和物理参数来对动物进行常规监测。这些参数包括体重变化，持续性体重下降或未能维持预期的体重增长可能提示存在疼痛、疾病或慢性应激。体重评估需结合动物自身的基线数据及预期生长模式，而非仅依据单一数值。其他指标还包括筑巢行为，筑巢不良提示可能存在不适；以及水合状态，通常通过皮肤弹性或黏膜外观进行评估。例如，实验操作后停止理毛、体重下降或忽视筑巢的小鼠可能正处于疼痛状态。活动量减少、摄食或饮水模式改变以及社交互动减少等其他表现也提示动物福利受到损害。 使用小鼠面部表情量表评估疼痛 面部表情评分提供了一种更为敏感的疼痛评估方法。小鼠疼痛面容量表（Grimace...

humane euthanasia and confirmation of death in rodents

啮齿类动物的人道安乐死与死亡确认

此处描述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经IACUC批准。所有操作须遵守3R原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），并由经过培训的人员执行。 啮齿类动物的仁慈终点是预先定义的临床、行为或生理指标，用于提示动物正在经历显著的疼痛、痛苦或健康状况下降。当观察到这些体征时，需及时采取干预措施，以最大程度减轻动物痛苦并保障其福利。  化学安乐死 该操作通常通过注射给予过量的批准麻醉剂来开始，具体选择取决于物种和研究方案。注射用麻醉剂（如戊巴比妥钠）可迅速抑制中枢神经系统活性。给药后，动物将失去意识和反射活动。深度麻醉会进一步发展为呼吸抑制，随后心脏和脑功能停止。在诱导前，轻柔操作和适当固定对于最大限度减少动物恐惧和应激至关重要。 吸入剂使用方法 此外，也可使用吸入性麻醉剂实施安乐死。将动物置于受控环境中，通过诱导室或面罩输送麻醉蒸气。诸如异氟烷或七氟烷等试剂可在动物感知疼痛前诱导其失去意识。该方法通过逐步镇静并尽量减少操作，从而降低动物的痛苦。<br...

habituation and positive reinforcement for rodent handling

啮齿类动物操作中的习惯化与正向强化

此处所述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）批准。所有操作必须遵守“3R”原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），并由经过培训的人员执行。 习惯化和正向强化是有助于减少啮齿类动物在常规操作和实验过程中应激的优化策略。这些方法可改善动物福利，促进动物自愿配合，并减少可能影响研究结果的与应激相关的效应。 习惯化 习惯化是一种非联合型学习形式，指动物对重复出现的无威胁性刺激的反应随时间推移而逐渐减弱。通过反复接触操作人员、操作工具或实验程序环境，啮齿类动物会逐渐熟悉这些原本可能引发恐惧或回避行为的经历。习惯化训练应短暂、一致，并逐步引入，以使动物能够按照自身的节奏适应。 正向强化<br...

breeding management in rodent studies

啮齿类动物研究中的繁殖管理

此处描述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）批准。所有操作须遵守“3R”原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），并由经过培训的人员执行。 繁殖管理通过减少不必要的动物生产，确保仅产生研究所需的动物数量，从而支持“3R”原则。有效的繁殖策略有助于减少过剩动物，提高动物资源的利用效率，同时保证科学目标的实现。 影响繁殖成功率的因素 育种计划应考虑影响种群繁殖效率的品系特异性及生物学变量，包括交配成功率、每窝产仔数、仔鼠存活率、基因型频率、性别分布、生育力以及繁殖寿命。准确预测这些变量有助于研究人员获得所需数量的实验动物，同时避免过度繁殖。 育种计算<br...

transport and acclimatization of rodents for research

实验用啮齿类动物的运输与适应性驯养

此处描述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）批准。所有操作须遵守“3R”原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），并由经过培训的人员执行。 为科研目的运输啮齿类动物时，需采取相应措施，以尽量减少运输过程中的动物应激并保障动物福利，从而降低对实验结果的干扰。运输笼具应提供充足的通风、垫料、食物以及水合物来源（如凝胶补液包）。小鼠应轻柔操作，放入笼内时避免过度拥挤，以减少应激、攻击行为及受伤风险。笼具应牢固关闭，标明“活体动物”及相关运输信息，并覆盖透气材料，以减少外界刺激，同时确保良好的通风和温度控制。 运输与应激减轻 动物应通过机构指定的路线运输，避免经过公共区域和公共交通系统。公共区域会使动物暴露于过度的噪音、振动、陌生气味、温度波动和人类活动之中，这些因素均可能引发应激反应。运输过程中，应保持笼具直立、水平并固定稳妥，以防止不必要的移动和损伤，从而进一步降低与运输相关的应激。 笼具消毒与动物转移<br...

environmental enrichment for rodents

啮齿类动物的环境富集

此处所述的所有动物实验操作必须遵循机构动物伦理指南，并经IACUC批准。所有操作须遵守3R原则——替代（Replacement）、减少（Reduction）和优化（Refinement），并由经过培训的人员执行。 环境丰容是指采用各种物品和方法来促进实验啮齿类动物的自然行为，改善其心理福祉，并提升动物福利。环境丰容应根据啮齿类动物的物种、品系、年龄、性别及研究设计进行定制，并依照机构的动物护理规程提供。 小鼠的环境富集 筑巢材料与隧道 对于小鼠而言，筑巢材料是最重要的环境丰富化资源之一。垫料和筑巢材料，如木丝、木屑、撕碎的纸张、纸条或巢垫块，均能强烈激发雄性和雌性小鼠的筑巢行为。筑巢行为还可作为健康和福利状况的重要指标，因为处于应激、患病或热应激状态的小鼠可能无法构建充分的巢穴。在笼内添加藏身处，例如隧道，可为小鼠提供安全的躲藏、休息和探索空间。 环境丰富化区域与啃咬物体<br...

rodents

Compare common blood collection methods in mice and rats, including retro-orbital, facial, submandibular, and saphenous vein techniques, and when anesthesia is avoided.

Rodent Blood Sampling Methods | JoVE K12

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

HS-LS1-3.

Kay Stewart

Valerie A. Schroeder

University of Notre Dame

Overview

Submandibular (Facial) Vein Bleed

Saphenous Vein Bleed

Applications

Summary

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Protein Families

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

What are Proteins?

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...

Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic ...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Overview of Human Digestion

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. ...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, ...

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

What is a Nervous System?

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

Rodent Blood Sampling Methods

Description

Transcript

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