Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

包括五个独特阶段的 有丝分裂是一种分裂形式 细胞遗传物质被分隔在 两个子细胞之间。
 首先，在早期 核染色质浓缩 成为由姐妹染色单体对组成的x形染色体 附着在着丝点连接处。
 同时，在核心之外 两个称为中心体的l形细胞器迁移 至相对的细胞两侧。
 这样做时，微管杆开始从两端生长 无论是朝向细胞的内部还是外部 形成网状主轴装置。
 接下来，核包膜在前中期溶解 染色体与细胞的其他内容相遇。
 蛋白质结构也出现 在着丝粒的两侧，每个染色质一个。
 一旦这些动粒形成 延伸的内部微管固定在其上 而每个姐妹染色单体 被系在不同的细胞杆。
 有丝分裂然后进展到中期 主轴装置重新排列染色体 这样它们的方向就变得相同 发布在沿着细胞赤道的固定行中。
 在后期，动粒固定的微管缩短 而姐妹染色单体 现在分别称为染色体 则被分开了。
 这些和其他微管动力学也使细胞伸长。
 最后，染色体 在末期落在细胞相对的两侧 在主轴设备解散的地方。
 遗传物质松散，两个核包膜 分别出现在每个染色体组的两侧。
 在末期，在一个叫做胞质分裂的独特过程中 细胞是细胞质分裂的。
 因此，有丝分裂的最终结果是 产生一种与其前体基因相同的细胞对。

Guertin、David A.、Susanne Trautmann 和 Dannel McCollum。"真核生物中的胞质分裂。"微生物学。分子生物学修订版 66，第 2 期（2002 年 6 月 1 日）:155-78。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002" target="__blank">来源</a>]

有丝分裂和胞质分裂

在真核细胞中，细胞分裂周期被划分为不同的、协调的细胞过程，包括细胞生长、DNA复制/染色体复制、染色体向子细胞的分布，最后是细胞分裂。细胞周期受到其调控系统以及影响细胞增殖的细胞外信号的严格调控。

细胞周期的过程发生在大约24小时（典型的人类细胞）和两个主要的可区分的阶段。第一阶段是DNA复制，在间期的s期。第二阶段是有丝分裂（M）阶段，包括将复制的染色体分离为两个新的细胞核（有丝分裂）和细胞质分裂（胞质分裂）。这两个阶段被间隔（G1和G2间隙）隔开，在此期间细胞准备复制和分裂。
 
<h4>有丝分裂过程</h4>
 
有丝分裂可分为五个不同的阶段：前期、前中期、中期、后期和末期。胞质分裂是M期的一部分，但不是有丝分裂的一部分。
 
<h4>前期</h4>
 
当细胞进入有丝分裂时，其复制的染色体开始浓缩，并在被称为浓缩素的蛋白质的帮助下变成线状结构。有丝分裂纺锤体开始在中心体之间形成，中心体在S期复制，并迁移到细胞的相反极。纺锤体由微管组成，微管由微管蛋白单体组成。纺锤体微管开始向浓缩染色体延伸。核仁是产生核糖体的细胞核的一个组成部分，它消失了，表明细胞核即将解体。
 
<h4>前中期</h4>
 
在前中期，来自纺锤体的微管丝继续生长，染色体结束凝聚。核膜完全分解，释放出染色体。一些微管附着在释放的染色体上，与每对姐妹染色单体的着丝粒上的一种称为动粒的蛋白质结构结合。相反极的纺锤体微管附着在动粒上并捕获浓缩的姐妹染色单体对。纺锤体微管不与染色体相连，极性微管和星状微管有助于将纺锤体分开，并将纺锤体极固定在细胞膜上。
 
<h4>中期</h4>
 
纺锤体微管在中期板处沿着细胞赤道排列每对完全浓缩的姐妹染色单体。细胞现在可以分裂了。
 
<h4>后期</h4>
 
与动粒结构相连的对生纺锤体的微管在着丝粒处缩短并分离姐妹染色单体。将染色单体结合在一起的结合蛋白现在分解了。缩短的动粒微管使这对染色体的每个染色单体迁移到另一个极。
 
 末期
 
 一旦染色体到达细胞的两极，它们就会解密并解开，形成染色质。纺锤体微管丝解聚成微管蛋白单体，然后在子细胞中用作细胞骨架元素。核膜在每一组染色体周围重组。
 
 胞质分裂
 
 在动物细胞的胞质分裂过程中，肌动蛋白丝在质膜上形成一个收缩环，形成一个分裂沟，最终将细胞挤压成两个。在植物细胞中，高尔基体中携带葡萄糖、酶和结构蛋白的囊泡在前中期板的位置结合形成一个新的细胞板。生长的细胞板与两侧的质膜融合，最终形成一个新的细胞壁，将细胞分成两部分。
 
 有丝分裂现在已经完成，产生两个与母细胞相同的子细胞。在大多数人类细胞中，有丝分裂约占约24小时细胞周期的1小时。

在真核生物中，细胞分裂周期被划分为一系列明确且协调的细胞过程，包括细胞生长、DNA复制/染色体...

Education

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JoVE Core

生物学

Cellular Processes

细胞结构与功能

Cell Cycle and Division

细胞周期与分裂

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

cell cycle stages in mitosis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.

Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.

During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.

In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.

In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

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genomic dna in prokaryotes

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binary fission

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interphase

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides. After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

Cyclins and CDKs in the Cell Cycle

Cyclins and CDKs help control the cell cycle, the process that produces daughter cells. Cells use internal checkpoints to make sure their size, energy reserves, and DNA are ready before they move forward. At these checkpoints, positive regulators help the cell continue, while negative regulators slow or stop it. The main positive regulators are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs. These proteins are found in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Cyclins are grouped by the stage they help...

negative regulator molecules

Cell Cycle Stop Signals: p53, p21, and Rb

Cell cycle stop signals help control when a cell can move forward through division. Negative regulators pause or end the cell cycle until the cell meets the right conditions. Three well-studied negative regulators are p53, p21, and retinoblastoma protein, or Rb. Their roles became clear after faulty versions were found in cancer cells that kept replicating uncontrollably. These proteins act mostly at the G1 checkpoint, which comes early in the cell cycle. P53 has a strong effect on whether a...

cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core系列通过300多节动画视频课简明易懂地讲解生物学中的关键概念，以及150余段视频展示科学家在现代实验室开展实际研究实验，让生物学变得平易近人。

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BIO.3.c

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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