Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

副交感神经系统
 
 在休息时间会进行身体恢复
 
 尤其是没有外在威胁的时候
 
 通常又称之为休息与消化系统
 
 这是自主神经系统的
 
 重要组成部分
 
 它控制一些非自主功能的方式
 
 则是通过调节内脏器官中的
 
 平滑肌活动 比如心脏中的心肌
 
 以及某些腺体中的肌肉 比如唾液腺
 
 当副交感神经系统处于活动状态时
 
 脑干节前神经元
 
 以及脊髓骶部的信号
 
 发送到神经中枢 神经元胞群
 
 它们位于周围神经系统
 
 它们靠近于受控的器官以及腺体
 
 在这里 信息传输到节后神经元
 
 通常是使用神经递质乙酰胆碱
 
 来调节目标组织的活动
 
 例如 它们会降低心率
 
 放松身体 刺激肠道
 
 和膀胱的肌肉收缩
 
 进而促进消化和排泄
 
 因此 副交感系统
 
 能帮助能量恢复并且维持体内平衡
 
 尤其是在身体能够进行休息的时候

斯图尔特，朱利安 M. "直立不耐受的常见综合征。儿科 131，第 5 期（2013 年 5 月）:968-80。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">来源</a>]

副交感神经系统

<h4>概观</h4>
"
副交感神经系统是自主神经系统的两个主要分支之一。副交感神经系统负责调节许多无意识的功能，如心率和消化。它由位于大脑和周围神经系统的神经元组成，这些神经元将轴突发送到目标肌肉、器官和腺体。"

<h4>“休息和消化”系统</h4>
 
 副交感神经系统的激活往往对身体有放松作用，促进补充资源和恢复稳态的功能。因此，它有时被称为“休息和消化”系统。副交感神经系统在平静时期占主导地位，此时可以安全地将资源投入基本的“家务”功能，而不会受到攻击或伤害的威胁。
 
<h4> 副交感神经系统的控制</h4>
 
 副交感神经系统可以被大脑的各个部分激活，包括下丘脑脑。干和脊髓骶部的节前神经元首先将轴突发送到周围神经系统的神经节细胞体。这些神经节包含节前和节后神经元之间的连接，位于它们控制的器官或腺体附近。从这里开始，神经节后神经元将轴突发送到目标组织，通常是平滑肌、心肌或腺体。通常，神经递质乙酰胆碱被用来调节这些靶点的活性。
 
 副交感神经系统的激活会对身体产生多种影响。它会降低心率，导致瞳孔收缩，使身体恢复到更放松的状态。它还刺激消化和排泄，例如，通过促进唾液分泌、胃肠蠕动收缩和膀胱收缩排出尿液。它通过使胰腺分泌更多的胰岛素来帮助重建能量储备。最后，它甚至通过增加流向生殖器的血液来促进生殖。
 
<h4> 站起来</h4>
 
 控制心率和血流，即使对于像站立这样的日常工作也是必不可少的。患有立位不耐症（OI）的人可能会经历长期的头晕和昏厥，这是因为他们采取了一种称为立位的简单直立姿势。当我们进行矫形时，自主神经系统控制着血管系统和心率的必要变化。特别是，副交感神经系统负责血管舒张的信号，即血管周围肌肉的放松。副交感神经系统发出的信号不正确会导致大脑供血不足而失去意识。

概述

副交感神经系统是自主神经系统的两大主要分支之一。该副交感神经系统负责……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Human Biology

人类生物学

Nervous System

神经系统

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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