Name: how stereotypes shape behavior
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 2 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

当个体了解到影响其所属群体（例如女性）的负面刻板印象时，可能会感到受到威胁，并表现出与平常不同的行为，从而悖论性地强化了这一负面刻板印象的反馈循环。

例如，在早餐时，一位父亲注意到女儿正在准备微积分考试。他告诉女儿即使考试不及格也不必担心，并提醒她存在一种刻板印象，认为男性天生比女性更擅长数学。

当这个女孩到达教室时，她担心如果成绩不理想，老师和同学会用“女性不擅长数学”这一刻板印象来评价她。这种现象被称为刻板印象威胁——当个体担忧自己的行为会为针对某个特定社会群体的负面假设提供佐证时，便会产生这种风险。

她开始测试时，最初下定决心要表现出色，以证明父亲的观点是错误的。然而，随着时间推移，她感到越来越焦虑，并开始相信自己无法解决这些问题，原因在于自己的性别。

她大部分精力都花在试图安慰自己上，这影响了她的记忆力，使她难以集中注意力于这些方程式。她变得沮丧，没有动力完成最后几个问题。

这会导致一种自我实现的预言——即对某一未来事件的随意信念或预期，引发行为上的改变，从而使得原本不准确的预测得以实现。

换句话说，这名学生之所以未能取得好成绩，并非因为她不如男性同龄人聪明，而是因为她过度担忧那些具有误导性的刻板印象，从而影响了她的发挥。

因此，对负面标签的担忧可能导致可观察到的结果，从而强化刻板印象。在此情况下，当女孩的父亲要求查看她的成绩（他此前预测成绩会很差）时，他便获得了“女性不擅长数学”这一刻板印象的直接证据。

幸运的是，这些影响是可以减轻的，例如家长——如这位女孩的母亲——可以否定这种刻板印象，并强调数学考试并未显示出基于性别的差异。

刻板印象威胁与自我实现预言

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

当我们对某个人持有刻板印象时，就会期望他或她符合这种刻板印象。自我实现预言是指一个人持有的某种期望会改变其行为方式，从而使该期望更有可能成真。当我们对某人持有刻板印象时，往往会按照我们的预期来对待这个人。这种对待方式可能会影响此人，使其行为符合我们的刻板印象预期，从而证实我们原有的刻板观念。Rosenthal 和 Jacobson（1968 年）的研究发现，那些被教师预期表现良好的弱势学生，其学业成绩高于那些被教师预期表现较差的弱势学生。

以下是一个自我实现预言中因果关系的示例：如果一位雇主认为一位公开出柜的男性求职者能力不足，那么这位潜在雇主可能在面试过程中以消极态度对待该求职者，例如减少交流、缺乏眼神接触，以及整体表现出冷漠的态度（Hebl, Foster, Mannix, & Dovidio, 2002）。相应地，该求职者会察觉到雇主对自己的反感，因而以更简短的回答回应面试问题、减少眼神交流，并在整体上疏离于面试互动。面试结束后，雇主会回顾该求职者的表现，认为其态度冷淡而疏远，并基于其在面试中的不佳表现，最终断定该求职者确实能力不足。因此，雇主原有的刻板印象——同性恋男性能力不足，无法成为优秀的员工——得到了强化。你认为这位求职者有可能被录用吗？依据刻板印象对待个体可能导致偏见与歧视。

另一种可能强化刻板印象的动态因素是确认偏误。当与我们持有偏见的对象互动时，我们倾向于关注符合刻板印象预期的信息，而忽略与预期不符的信息。这一过程被称为确认偏误，即我们主动寻找支持自身刻板印象的信息，同时忽视与刻板印象相矛盾的信息（Wason & Johnson-Laird, 1972）。以求职面试为例，雇主可能没有注意到求职者在面试初期表现得友好且富有参与感，并对面试问题给出了专业得体的回答。相反，雇主关注的是面试后期求职者的表现，而此时求职者已改变了自己的态度和行为，以回应面试官的负面态度。

您是否曾成为自我实现预言或确认偏见的受害者或实施者？我们该如何打破自我实现预言的循环？当有关个体的信息模糊不清时，往往容易产生针对该个体的社会阶层刻板印象。如果信息明确，则通常不会产生刻板印象（Baron et al., 1995）。

本文改编自 <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax，《心理学》。OpenStax CNX。</a>

当我们对某人持有刻板印象时，就会期望他或她符合这种刻板印象。自我实现预言是一种预期……

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

社会心理学

Foundations of Social Psychology

社会心理学基础

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

刻板印象、偏见与歧视

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

固有印象威胁和自证预言

how stereotypes shape behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype.

A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this effect in schools. Disadvantaged students whose teachers expected them to do well earned higher grades than disadvantaged students whose teachers expected them to do poorly. The teacher’s belief helped shape student performance. This shows how expectations can influence outcomes in real life.

The same pattern can appear in a job interview. If an employer expects an openly gay male applicant to be incompetent, the employer may act coldly, speak less, and make little eye contact. The applicant may notice this treatment and respond with shorter answers, less eye contact, and less engagement. Afterward, the employer may judge the applicant as incompetent based on that poor interaction, which reinforces the stereotype and can make hiring less likely.

Confirmation bias can make this cycle stronger. Confirmation bias means paying attention to information that supports a stereotype and ignoring information that does not. In the interview example, the employer might overlook the applicant’s friendly and competent early answers and focus only on the later parts of the interview, after the applicant’s behavior changed. Social class stereotypes are more likely to form when information about a person is unclear. If the information is clear, stereotypes are less likely to arise.

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stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

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How Stereotypes Shape Behavior | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

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How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

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