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Enthalpy and Heat at Constant Pressure
Description
Enthalpy describes heat changes in chemical and physical processes. Chemists use the symbol H for enthalpy. It is defined as a system’s internal energy, E, plus the product of pressure, P, and volume, V. Enthalpy is a state function, so only changes in enthalpy can be measured, not the enthalpy of a substance by itself.
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Transcript
有些化学反应会释放出大量的热,并对周遭环境做功。比如说火箭的燃料燃烧导致航 天飞机从地上升空。依据热力学的第一条定律,热(q)功(w)的总和,为内能的改变,以ΔE表示 对于涉及在大气压下發 生的气体化学反应,当功是因为体积变化而成,其功为压积功,是为膨胀或是收缩。因此,功等于负值的压 力乘以体积的变化。以热力学第一定律来替换w,并重新排列方程式中的项目,则q等于 ΔE 加上 P 乘以 ΔV,从而得出在恆压下的热流表达式。另一种化学反应,比如用燃烧的木头去煮食物,量化促进烹饪的热比测量因 为膨胀对周围环境 所做的功还 来得重要。因为内能包含热及功,ΔE并不在恆压下使用。为了只讨论能量以热的型态流动,一个新的热力学函数—焓—被定义出来了。焓、氢,等于内能的总合,E,和压积功,P-V。因为能...
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