Name: salt hydrolysis and ph in solutions
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:51.000Z
Duration: 4 min 8 s
Channel: JoVE

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Physical Science

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PS.PSc.2.5

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

盐溶液可以是酸性、碱性或中性。可以检查单个离子，以确定其溶液的 pH 值是否低于、高于 或等于 7。含有 pH-中性阳离子和阴离子的盐 会形成中性溶液。这些盐由强酸和强碱的 反离子组成。纯的硝酸钾水溶液的 pH 值为 7，因为钾和硝酸盐 都不具有酸性或碱性。含有弱碱反离子的 阳离子和强酸反离子的 阴离子的盐，pH 值将小于 7。在溴化铵溶液中，溴离子是 pH 中性的，而铵离子 是酸性的，能把质子提供给水分子。含有强碱反离子的 阳离子和弱酸反离子的 阴离子的盐，pH 值将大于 7。在醋酸钠溶液中，钠离子 是 pH 中性的，而醋酸盐离子 是碱性的，能接受水分子中的质子。有些盐含有的阳离子和阴离子，分别是弱酸和弱碱的 反离子。如果阳离子的 Ka 大于 阴离子的 Kb，则溶液为酸性；如果阴离子的 Kb 大于 阳离子的 Ka，则溶液为碱性；或者如果 Ka 和 Kb 相等，则溶液为中性。在亚硝酸铵溶液中，铵的 Ka 高于亚硝酸盐离子的 Kb；因此，溶液将呈酸性。含有酸性或碱性离子的 盐溶液的确切 pH 值可以 用该离子的共轭酸或共轭碱的 离解常数来确定。0.35 M 氰化钠的 pH 值可以 通过计算氰化物的 Kb 从它的共轭酸-氢氰酸的 Ka 计算）并建立 ICE 表以确定平衡浓度 来确定。由于钠离子不与水反应，它们不影响 pH 值，可以省略。相反，氰化物离子从水分子中接受质子 并产生氢氧化物离子。氰化物离子的 Kb 可以用 方程式 Ka 乘以 Kb 等于 Kw 来确定。由于氢氰酸的 Ka 为 4.90 10⁻¹⁰，氰化物离子的 Kb 为 2.04×10⁻⁵。Kb 等于氢氰酸浓度 乘以氢氧化物离子浓度 除以氰化物离子浓度。可以建立一个 ICE 表来表示 初始浓度和平衡浓度。将平衡浓度代入 表达式中，Kb 等于 x 乘以 x 除以 0.35，随后可通过 5%规则进行验证。解出方程后，x 等于 2.7×10⁻³M。由于 x 仅为 0.35 M 的 0.77%因此 0.35 减去 x 等于 0.35 的近似是有效的。溶液的 pOH 可通过 取 2.7×10⁻³M 的负对数来计算，结果等于2.57。溶液的 pH 值是 用 pH 加 pOH 等于 14 的方程式来确定的；因此，该氰化钠溶液的 pH 值是 11.43。

确定盐溶液的 ph 值

盐溶液的 pH 值由其成分阴离子和阳离子决定。 含有 pH 中性阴离子和水合氢离子离子产生阳离子的盐形成了 pH 值小于 7 的溶液。 例如，在硝酸铵 (NH4NO3) 溶液中， NO3− 离子不会与水发生反应，而 NH4+ 离子会产生水合氢离子，从而形成酸性溶液。  相比之下，含有 pH 中性阳离子的盐类和产生氢氧化物的阴离子形成溶液， pH 值大于 7。 例如，在氟化钠 (NAF) 溶液中，Na + 是 pH 中性的，但 F- 产生氢氧化物离子并形成基本的溶液。 强酸或碱的反离子是 pH 值中性的，由这些反离子形成的盐类形成 pH 值等于 7 的中性溶液。 例如，在 KBr 中， K+ 阳离子是惰性的，不会影响 pH 值。 溴化离子是强酸的共轭碱，因此其碱强度可以忽略不计 (无明显的碱电离)。 溶液是中立的。 
 一些盐既包含酸性阳离子，也包含基本阴离子。 溶液的总体酸度或碱度由阳离子和阴离子的相对强度决定，可使用 Ka 和 K 进行比较B。 例如，在 NH4F 中， NH4+ 离子具有酸性， F− 离子为碱性 (弱酸 HF 的共轭碱)。 比较两个电离常数：NH4+ 的 Ka 为 5.6 × 10−10 ， F− 的 KB为 1.6 × 10−11 ，因此溶液为酸性，因为Ka > Kb。 
 计算酸化盐溶液的 pH 值 
 苯胺是一种用于制造染料的胺。 该盐被隔离为氯化苯胺 [C6H5NH3+]Cl ，这是一种由弱碱氨基和盐酸反应制备的盐。 0.233 M 氯化苯胺溶液的 pH 值是多少？ 
 <img alt="Eq1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_1.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 苯胺离子的K a 源自其共轭碱的Kb ，苯胺： 
 <img alt="Eq2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_2.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 使用提供的信息，准备了用于此系统的 ICE表格 ： 
 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">C6H5NH3+ (aq) </td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H3O+ (aq)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">C6H5NH2 (aq)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">初始浓度 (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0.233</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">~0</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">变化 (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">−x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">平衡浓度 (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0.233 − x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">x</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 将这些平衡浓度项替换为 Ka 表达式得出
 <img alt="Eq3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_3.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 假设 x <<0.233 ，则简化了方程并解x: 
 <img alt="Eq4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_4.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 <img alt="Eq5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_5.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 ICE表格 将 x 定义为水合氢离子体积摩尔浓度，因此 pH 计算为 
 <img alt="Eq6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_6.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 [Al(H2O)6]3+水解
 计算一个 0.10 M 溶液的氯化铝的 pH 值，该铝完全溶解以在溶液中为水化铝离子 [Al(H2O)6]3+。 
 反应的方程和Ka 是： 
 <img alt="Eq7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_7.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 包含所提供信息的 ICE表格 是 
 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Al(H2O)63+ (aq) </td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">H3O+ (aq) </td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ (aq)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">初始浓度 (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">~0</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">变化 (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">−x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">平衡浓度 (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0.10 − x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">x</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 将平衡浓度的表达式代入方程中电离常数的表达式得出： 
 <img alt="Eq8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_8.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 假设x << 0.10 并解简化的方程得出： 
 <img alt="Eq9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_9.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 ICE表格将 x 定义为等于水合氢离子浓度，因此 pH 值计算为 2.92 ，溶液为酸性。 
 <img alt="Eq10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_10.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 本文改编自<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-4-hydrolysis-of-salts"> Openstax, 化学 2e, 第14.4节：盐的水解</a>。

确定盐溶液的 pH 值

盐溶液的pH值由其组成的阴离子和阳离子决定。含有pH中性阴离子和产生水合氢离子的阳离子的盐……

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salt hydrolysis and ph in solutions

Salt hydrolysis and pH in solutions depend on the ions released when a salt dissolves. Some ions react with water, while others do not. The balance between the cation and anion helps show whether the solution becomes acidic, basic, or neutral.

Salts with pH-neutral anions and cations that produce hydronium ions give acidic solutions with pH below 7. Ammonium nitrate is one example. In NH4NO3, NO3− does not react with water, but NH4+ forms hydronium ions, so the solution is acidic.

Other salts contain pH-neutral cations and anions that produce hydroxide ions. These salts form basic solutions with pH above 7. Sodium fluoride is an example. In NaF, Na+ is pH-neutral, while F− reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions.

Salts made from the counterions of a strong acid or a strong base are usually neutral. Their solutions have a pH of 7. In KBr, K+ is inert and does not change the pH. Br− is the conjugate base of a strong acid, so it has negligible base strength and does not appreciably ionize in water.

Some salts contain both an acidic cation and a basic anion. In those cases, the overall pH depends on which ion is stronger. The ionization constants Ka and Kb are used to compare them. For NH4F, NH4+ is acidic and F− is basic. Because Ka for NH4+ is 5.6 × 10−10 and Kb for F− is 1.6 × 10−11, the solution is acidic since Ka is greater than Kb.

The pH of an acidic salt solution can be calculated with an ICE table. Anilinium chloride, [C6H5NH3+]Cl, comes from the weak base aniline and hydrochloric acid. For a 0.233 M solution, the Ka value for the anilinium ion is found from the Kb of aniline. The ICE table gives x as the hydronium ion concentration, and the pH is then calculated from that value.

Hydrolysis of the hydrated aluminum ion works the same way. Aluminum chloride dissolves completely to give [Al(H2O)6]3+ in solution. For a 0.10 M solution, the reaction and Ka are set up in an ICE table. After assuming x is much smaller than 0.10 and solving the simplified equation, the hydronium ion concentration gives a pH of 2.92. The solution is acidic.

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions

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Learn how salt ions affect pH, from acidic ammonium salts and basic fluoride salts to neutral salts and pH calculations with ICE tables.

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core 化学通过简单明了且通俗易懂的动画视频课程，将普通化学概念带入到现实生活当中。此外，在科学家行动视频中，我们演示了在实验室中进行的经典和原始研究实验。

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Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties (metallic/nonmetallic character, ionic charge, and reactivity) and arrangement of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.PSc.1.6

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Construct an explanation to classify the type of chemical bond that occurs (covalent, ionic, or metallic) in a given substance.

PS.PSc.2.1

Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system ...

Nomenclature of Alkenes

The IUPAC naming system for alkenes replaces -an- with -en- in the corresponding parent alkanes. Accordingly, a simple alkene replaces the -ane suffix of ...

Nomenclature of Alkynes

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of ...

structure-and-nomenclature-of-alcohols-and-phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview 
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is ...

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two &#8212; ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing &#8220;e&#8221; in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...

Use models to apply International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions to name and write formulas for simple compounds.

PS.PSc.2.2

Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions

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