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Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

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Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides

Carbocation Structure and Stability

Description

Carbocations are reactive carbon species formed during some nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. They are electron-deficient intermediates, with the central carbon holding only six electrons and three bonded atoms. Because they are short-lived and highly reactive, they play an important role in many organic r...

Transcript

在亲核取代反应中,当碳原子与离去基团之间的键发生异裂时,离去基团带走成键电子对,使碳原子中心带正电荷。这种缺电子的底物称为碳正离子。

在碳正离子中,碳原子周围有六个电子,形成三个σ键,每两个键之间的夹角为120°。该碳原子为 sp2 与平面三角形几何构型杂化且具有一个未杂化的空轨道 p 轨道

由于碳原子的空轨道能够容易地接受来自不同亲核试剂的电子,碳正离子在化学反应中表现出强亲电性。

最简单的碳正离子是甲基正离子,其中三个氢原子与缺电子的碳原子相连。 

烷基可以取代氢原子,形成不同类型的碳正离子。根据烷基取代基的数量,碳正离子可分为伯碳正离子、仲碳正离子和叔碳正离子。