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Organic Chemistry

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Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides

SN1 Reaction Rate and Unimolecular Step

Description

SN1 reaction rate depends on the substrate, not the nucleophile. This pattern was identified by Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes while they studied nucleophilic substitution reactions of tertiary alkyl halides. A tertiary alkyl halide can still undergo substitution even when the nucleophile is weak.

Transcript

请记住,SN2 反应的速率取决于亲核试剂和底物的浓度。虽然亲核试剂碱性增强会提高 SN2 反应的速率,但底物空间位阻的增加会降低反应速率。

这解释了为什么空间位阻较大的三级卤代烃,尽管存在强亲核试剂,也无法通过SN2机理发生取代反应。

然而,当克里斯托弗·英戈尔德爵士和爱德华·D·休斯研究各种取代反应在水溶液中的动力学时,他们发现像tert-丁基氯这样的叔卤代烃会通过另一种取代机制生成tert-丁醇。

为了研究该反应机理,首先在中性 pH 条件下进行反应,此时氢氧根离子浓度为 10⁻7 M,水作为主要的亲核试剂;随后在 0...