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Organic Chemistry

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Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides

E2 Elimination: Rate, Base, and Solvent

Description

E2 elimination is a concerted reaction of alkyl halides that forms an alkene. In this mechanism, the base removes a beta hydrogen as the halide leaves from the alpha carbon. The two bonds change at the same time, so the products are formed in one step.

The rate-limiting transition state has parti...

Transcript

与 SN2 取代反应类似,卤代烷的 E2 消除反应也通过协同途径进行。

然而,与亲核试剂进攻α碳的SN2反应不同,在E2反应中,亲核试剂作为强碱夺取一个β氢原子。

β氢原子与卤素原子通过一个速率控制的过渡态同时离去,该过渡态的特征是碳-氢键和碳-卤键部分断裂,同时α碳与β碳之间部分形成π键。 反应完成时生成烯烃。

E2反应是双分子反应,遵循二级反应动力学,其反应速率取决于卤代烷和碱的浓度,这支持了协同反应机理。

氘同位素研究进一步证实了这一机理,其依据是碳-氢键弱于碳-氘键。

例如,在丙基溴化物的碱促进脱卤化氢反应中,氢化底物的速率常数 kH

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