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Current and Resistance
Resistivity in Conductors and Insulators
Description
Resistivity describes how much a material opposes electric current. When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electric field forms. The charges in the conductor feel that force, and a current density develops. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to ...
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Transcript
电导率是材料的一种本征属性,用于描述其阻碍电荷流动的有效程度。
电阻率是电导率的倒数,可以通过电场和电流密度来定义。电阻率的国际单位制单位是欧姆·米。
良导体具有高电导率但低电阻率,而良绝缘体具有低电导率但高电阻率。
温度会影响某些材料的电阻率。在许多材料中,这种依赖关系近似呈线性,可用线性方程进行建模,其中ρ为材料在某一温度下的电阻率,α为材料的温度系数,ρ0为材料在室温下的电阻率。
一些材料的电阻率随温度升高而增大,例如铜;而另一些材料,如碳,其电阻率则随温度升高而减小。
在半导体中,温度系数为负,意味着电阻率随温度升高而降低。
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