Name: how capillaries exchange blood and tissue
Uploaded: 2024-07-18T13:37:05.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Transport

Cardiovascular System

Capillaries and Their Types

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, with a diameter of 8 to 10 &#956;m.
They comprise a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane.
There are three primary types of capillaries &#8212; continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal.
Continuous capillaries have a uniform basement membrane and are selectively permeable to only small molecules like water and ions.
These capillaries are commonly found in the CNS, skin, muscles, and lungs.
Fenestrated capillaries have tiny pores or fenestrations on the endothelial cells, which allow the exchange of larger molecules, such as peptides and solutes.
These capillaries are abundant in the kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands.
Lastly, sinusoidal capillaries have an incomplete basement membrane and large fenestrations that allow blood cells and macrophage processes to pass through.
They have the widest lumen among all capillary types and are commonly found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
The capillary network is extensive in the human body, reaching almost every cell, and plays a vital role in material exchange.

capillaries and their types

Capillaries, a crucial constituent of the circulatory system, are diminutive vessels with a diameter between 5&#8211;10 micrometers, accommodating perfusion to the tissues through the phenomenon known as microcirculation. Through their permeable walls, consisting of an endothelial layer ensconced by a basement membrane and sporadically dispersed smooth muscle fibers, the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid becomes plausible. Variance in wall composition exists, with larger capillaries possessing several adjoining endothelial cells, whilst the smaller ones merely display a single cell layer that circles around to self-contact.
Three principal types of capillaries exist, classified based on the extent of their permeability: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries.
Continuous capillaries, the most prevalent among the three, are found ubiquitously in vascularized tissues. Their distinct feature is the complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells. Albeit typically impermeable, these tight junctions in capillaries often present intercellular clefts, facilitating the exchange of minute molecules. Notably, continuous capillaries in the brain are part of the blood-brain barrier with their tight junctions, lack of intercellular clefts, thick basement membrane, and astrocyte extensions known as end feet, synergistically inhibiting the movement of nearly all substances.
Fenestrated capillaries are characterized by their pores (fenestrations) within the endothelial lining alongside the tight junctions, rendering them permeable to larger molecules. Their permeability and fenestration frequency, however, vary based on their location. They are commonly found in the small intestine, kidneys, the choroid plexus of the brain, and numerous endocrine structures such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, and thyroid glands.
The sinusoid capillary, the rarest capillary type, exhibits large intercellular gaps, fenestrations, and incomplete basement membranes, giving them a Swiss cheese-like appearance. The large pores of sinusoid capillaries permit the passage of the largest molecules and even cells. These capillaries are predominantly located in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and certain endocrine glands, including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Their high permeability enables the passage of newly formed blood cells from the bone marrow into the blood supply and allows the liver to process materials from the digestive tract and spleen efficiently.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, with a diameter of 8 to 10 &#956;m.
They comprise a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Blood Vessels and Circulation

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

how capillaries exchange blood and tissue

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the circulatory system. They measure about 5 to 10 micrometers in diameter. Their thin walls let blood exchange materials with the fluid around body cells during microcirculation.

A capillary wall has an endothelial layer, a basement membrane, and sometimes scattered smooth muscle fibers. These vessels are built for exchange between blood and interstitial fluid. Larger capillaries may have several neighboring endothelial cells, while smaller ones may have only one cell layer that wraps around and touches itself.

Capillaries are grouped into three main types based on permeability: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries. Continuous capillaries are the most common type and are found in most vascularized tissues. They have a full endothelial lining with tight junctions between cells. Even so, many also have small intercellular clefts that allow tiny molecules to pass.

Continuous capillaries in the brain are part of the blood-brain barrier. Their tight junctions, lack of intercellular clefts, thick basement membrane, and astrocyte end feet work together to block the movement of nearly all substances. Fenestrated capillaries have pores, called fenestrations, in the endothelial layer along with tight junctions. These capillaries are more permeable and can pass larger molecules. Their pore number and permeability vary by location. They are found in the small intestine, kidneys, the choroid plexus of the brain, and endocrine structures such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, and thyroid glands.

Sinusoid capillaries are the rarest type. They have large intercellular gaps, fenestrations, and incomplete basement membranes, which give them a Swiss cheese-like appearance. Their large openings let the biggest molecules and even cells move through. These capillaries are found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and some endocrine glands, including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Their high permeability helps newly formed blood cells leave the bone marrow and supports material processing in the liver and spleen.

How Capillaries Exchange Blood and Tissue

how-capillaries-exchange-blood-and-tissue

overview of blood vessels

Blood Vessel Types and Circulation

The human cardiovascular system includes five main blood vessel types: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries. Each type has a different job in moving blood through the body and helping maintain homeostasis. Blood vessels also help supply oxygen and nutrients, remove waste, and transport hormones. Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart. Arteries are muscular and elastic, so they can handle high pressure as blood leaves the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated...

structure of blood vessels

Blood Vessel Layers and Flow Control

Blood vessels move blood through the circulatory system, and their structure helps explain how blood flows from the heart to the body and back again. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They branch into smaller arterioles, which then lead into capillaries. Capillaries are the tiny vessels where nutrients and waste products are exchanged. After that exchange, blood enters venules, which join together to form veins that return blood to the heart. Arteries and arterioles have thicker walls...

arteries and arterioles

Blood Flow Control in Arteries

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and must handle the high pressure created by each heartbeat. The arteries closest to the heart have thick walls and many elastic fibers in their three tunics. These vessels are called elastic, or conducting, arteries and are usually larger than 10 mm across. Elastic arteries expand when blood is pumped from the ventricles and then recoil. This stretching and spring back helps stop blood pressure and resistance from rising too much. It also helps keep...

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the circulatory system. They measure about 5 to 10 micrometers in diameter. Their thin walls let blood exchange materials with the fluid around body cells during microcirculation. A capillary wall has an endothelial layer, a basement membrane, and sometimes scattered smooth muscle fibers. These vessels are built for exchange between blood and interstitial fluid. Larger capillaries may have several neighboring endothelial cells, while smaller ones...

capillary beds

How Capillary Beds Exchange Materials

Capillary beds are tiny blood vessel networks where blood and body tissues exchange materials. They are a key part of the circulatory system. In these beds, gases, nutrients, and waste products move between the blood and the surrounding cells. Each capillary bed contains many capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in the body. Capillary walls are usually only one cell thick. This thin wall helps substances diffuse efficiently. Capillaries connect arterioles, which are small branches of...

venules

How Venules Return Blood to the Heart

Venules are small blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries into larger veins. They sit between the tiny capillary beds in tissues and the venous system that returns blood to the heart. In the microscopic circulatory system, they form an important bridge in blood flow. Venules are much smaller in diameter than veins. They are usually about 8 to 100 micrometers wide. Their walls are thin and simple. They include an endothelium, a thin layer of connective tissue, and sometimes a few smooth...

veins

Veins and How Blood Returns to the Heart

Veins are blood vessels that move blood from the body back to the heart. They are part of the circulatory system and form a network of hollow tubes. Most veins carry blood that is low in oxygen from the body’s cells to the heart so it can be reoxygenated. They also help keep blood moving through the body and support fluid balance. Veins are built for low-pressure blood flow. Their walls have three layers, or tunics. The tunica intima is the inner layer and is made of endothelial cells. Its...

veins as blood reservoirs

Venoconstriction and Venous Reserve

Veins store blood and help return it to the heart. They act as capacitance vessels, which means they can expand and hold a large volume of blood under low pressure. Because of their large diameter and thin walls, veins are much more distensible than arteries. At any given time, they contain about 64 percent of the body’s total blood volume. When the body needs blood moved quickly, the medulla oblongata activates the vasomotor center. This center sends sympathetic signals to the smooth muscle...

anastomoses

Blood Vessel Connections in the Body

Anastomoses are natural connections or openings between blood vessels and other tube-like structures in the body. The word comes from the Greek term anastomosis, meaning “outlet” or “opening.” These connections help keep blood and other fluids moving when a main pathway is blocked or damaged. Anastomoses can form between arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. Arterial anastomoses are found between arteries, especially in places that need a steady blood supply, such as the brain and heart. A...

blood pressure

Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure

Blood pressure is the force blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels and the heart chambers. It is one part of blood flow, which depends on the volume of blood moving through the body each unit of time. The heart’s ventricles create this movement by contracting rhythmically and pushing blood into the arteries. Blood then moves from higher pressure to lower pressure areas. It travels from large arteries into smaller arteries, then arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. The venous system...

vascular resistance

How Vessel Size Changes Blood Flow

Vascular resistance explains how vessel size, blood thickness, and vessel length affect blood flow and blood pressure. It describes the force blood faces as it moves through blood vessels. This force also helps determine how hard the heart must work to keep blood moving. Vessel diameter has the biggest effect on resistance. This follows Poiseuille’s law, which shows that small changes in diameter cause large changes in resistance. If a vessel’s diameter is cut in half, resistance rises 16...

measurement of blood pressure

Blood Pressure Reading and Korotkoff Sounds

Blood pressure reading uses a cuff, a gauge, and a stethoscope to check cardiovascular health. The method used today was developed more than 100 years ago by Russian doctor Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking sounds heard during the reading are called Korotkoff sounds. They come from turbulent blood flow in the vessel. The cuff is wrapped tightly around the upper arm over the brachial artery. It is placed about an inch above the point where the pulse is felt. The provider then pumps air...

venous return

How Veins Return Blood to the Heart

Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart through the body’s veins. It is a key part of the circulatory system because it helps complete the blood circulation cycle. This movement keeps blood available to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues. A main force behind venous return is pressure difference. Blood moves from a higher-pressure area in the peripheral veins toward the lower-pressure right atrium of the heart. If that pressure difference is too small, venous return...

pulse

How Pulse Reveals Heart Health

Pulse is the pressure wave felt in arteries after the heart pumps blood. Elastic fibers in the artery walls expand to receive blood and then recoil. This wave can be felt by hand or measured with electronic devices. As the pulse travels away from the heart, its effect becomes smaller, but parts of the systolic and diastolic waves can still be seen in smaller vessels like arterioles. In clinical care, pulse is recorded as beats per minute and used as a sign of health. Both pulse rate and pulse...

capillary exchange

How Capillaries Move Fluid and Solutes

Capillaries move gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances between the blood and body cells. Small molecules such as gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances diffuse directly through the endothelial cell membranes of the capillary wall. Glucose, amino acids, and ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride use transporters for facilitated diffusion through membrane-specific channels. Some substances also pass between cells or through special capillary structures. Glucose,...

neural regulation of blood pressure

Blood Pressure Reflexes in the Nervous System

Blood pressure reflexes in the nervous system help keep blood flow steady. The autonomic nervous system works with the cardiovascular system to make sure tissues get enough perfusion, or blood supply. These controls act through fast reflexes and slower long-term responses. Baroreceptor reflexes are a key short-term control. Baroreceptors are stretch-sensitive sensors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. When blood pressure rises, they fire more often and send signals to the cardiovascular...

hormonal regulation of blood pressure

Hormones That Raise and Lower Blood Pressure

Hormones help control blood pressure by changing heart activity, vessel size, and kidney function. Some hormones raise blood pressure fast, while others help lower it when blood volume is too high. Together, they keep blood flow and fluid balance within a workable range. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. These catecholamines strengthen and extend the sympathetic, or fight-or-flight, response. They raise heart rate and contraction force and cause temporary...

autoregulation of blood flow

How Tissues Match Blood Flow to Need

Autoregulation helps tissues match blood flow to their own metabolic needs. It works without specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. This local control adjusts perfusion, or blood supply, in each tissue region. Two main mechanisms guide this process: chemical signaling and myogenic control. Chemical signaling acts at the precapillary sphincter, a small ring of muscle that can open or close blood entry into capillaries. When a sphincter relaxes, blood enters the capillary bed. When...

blood pressure imbalances and circulatory shock

blood-pressure-imbalances-and-circulatory-shock

Blood Pressure Disorders and Shock Types

Blood pressure disorders can disrupt blood volume, vascular tone, and blood vessel function. These changes upset vascular homeostasis and can lead to hypertension, hemorrhage, hypotension, and shock. Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg, and hypertension begins at 130/80 mm Hg and usually needs treatment. High blood pressure is often asymptomatic, but it can lead to serious cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease,...

exercise and cardiovascular response

How Exercise Changes Heart Function

Exercise changes heart function and blood flow in several linked steps. Light to moderate activity starts with a small rise in heart rate before exercise begins. As skeletal muscles use more oxygen, blood vessels widen, peripheral resistance falls, capillary blood flow rises, and venous return speeds up. Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart, and it is also helped by skeletal muscle contractions and rapid breathing. These changes increase cardiac output, which is the amount of...

overview of systemic arteries

Blood Flow Through the Body

Systemic circulation moves blood through the body and keeps tissues supplied with oxygen and nutrients. It also carries waste products away from cells. Systemic arteries are the vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body’s tissues, and the blood later returns to the heart as deoxygenated blood. This circulation includes systemic arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. It covers the blood vessels of the body except those involved in pulmonary circulation.

the aorta

Aortic Anatomy and Blood Flow Path

The aorta is the main blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. It is the largest artery in the human body. It begins at the left ventricle and continues down to the abdomen, where it later divides into two smaller arteries. The aorta has four main parts. These are the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta. Its average diameter is about 2 to 3 cm, but the size can change with the section of the vessel and with age, sex, and body size. The...

the arch of aorta

Aortic Arch Branches and Brain Blood Flow

The aortic arch gives off the main arteries that carry blood to the head, arms, and brain. It begins after the ascending aorta and curves toward the left side of the body. The coronary arteries also start from the ascending aorta, where they branch from two sinuses just above the aortic semilunar valve. These sinuses contain aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, which help monitor blood pressure and blood chemistry. The left coronary artery and right coronary artery arise from the left...

thoracic aorta

Thoracic Aorta Branches and Blood Supply

The thoracic aorta is the part of the descending aorta that runs through the chest. It starts at the T5 vertebra and continues to the T12 level at the diaphragm. At first, it travels through the mediastinum, just left of the spinal column. Along this path, the thoracic aorta gives off several branches. These branches are grouped as visceral branches and parietal branches. Visceral branches supply internal organs. They include the bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...

abdominal aorta

Abdominal Aorta Branches and Blood Flow

The abdominal aorta carries blood through the lower part of the body and gives off many major branches. It begins after the aorta passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm. From there, it runs left of the spinal column, sits behind the peritoneal cavity, and is surrounded by fatty tissue. It ends at the L4 vertebra, where it divides into the common iliac arteries. Before that split, the abdominal aorta gives rise to the celiac trunk, a single artery with three main branches. These are...

arteries of the head and neck

Head and Neck Arteries for Brain Blood Flow

The arteries of the head and neck deliver oxygen-rich blood to the brain, eyes, and nearby structures. This network is complex, but it is essential for normal body function. Two major pathways are the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries. The internal carotid arteries supply the anterior part of the cerebrum. They enter the cranial cavity through the carotid foramen and give off several branches. The anterior cerebral artery supplies the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, while the...

arteries of the upper limbs

Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb

The arteries of the upper limb carry blood from the chest to the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery as it leaves the chest and enters the axillary region. From there, it continues into the upper arm as the brachial artery. The axillary artery is important for the shoulder region. It supplies the head of the humerus through the humeral circumflex arteries. The brachial artery then supports the brachial region and divides near the elbow into...

arteries of lower limbs

Blood Flow Pathways in the Lower Limb

Blood flow pathways in the lower limb begin with the external iliac artery as it leaves the body cavity. When it passes through the body wall and enters the femoral region, it is renamed the femoral artery. The femoral artery supplies blood to the deep muscles of the thigh and to the ventral and lateral skin regions. It does this through several small branches and through the lateral deep femoral artery, which also gives rise to the lateral circumflex artery. The knee region receives blood...

overview of systemic veins

Systemic Veins Returning Blood to the Heart

Systemic veins return deoxygenated blood from body tissues to the right atrium of the heart. In the human circulatory system, three main systemic veins carry this blood back to the heart. They are the coronary sinus, the superior vena cava, and the inferior vena cava. The coronary sinus is the heart’s principal vein. It lies in the coronary sulcus on the posterior side of the heart. This broad venous channel receives nearly all venous blood from the myocardium, or heart muscle. It is supplied...

veins of thorax

Azygos Veins and Thoracic Blood Drainage

The azygos system drains most of the thorax and helps return deoxygenated blood to the heart. It is part of the body’s circulatory system. The main veins in this system are the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the accessory hemiazygos vein. The azygos vein lies just to the right of the midline and in front of the vertebral column. It begins where the right ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein meet. It ends by joining the superior vena cava. This vein drains blood from the...

veins of the abdomen and pelvis

How Abdominal Blood Returns to the Heart

Blood from the abdomen and pelvis returns to the heart through the inferior vena cava. This large vein collects blood from the abdominopelvic organs and the abdominal walls before it carries it upward. Many smaller veins feed into the inferior vena cava. The lumbar veins drain the posterior abdominal wall. Some of this blood goes directly to the inferior vena cava, and some goes to the ascending lumbar veins of the thoracic azygos system. The gonadal veins also add blood, but they differ on...

veins of head and neck

Head and Neck Venous Drainage Paths

Head and neck venous drainage follows several major pathways. The external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins carry blood away from different regions of the head and neck. Together, they help return blood to larger veins in the chest. The external jugular veins drain the superficial scalp and face. They pass over the sternocleidomastoid muscles and empty into the subclavian veins. The vertebral veins work differently from the nearby arteries. They drain the cervical vertebrae,...

veins of upper limbs

Upper Limb Vein Pathways

Upper limb vein pathways move blood from the hand and arm back toward the heart. These veins are grouped into deep and superficial systems. Each system follows a clear route through the hand, forearm, elbow, shoulder, and chest. The deep venous system includes the ulnar vein and the radial vein. The ulnar vein drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches. The radial vein serves the palms through the deep palmar venous arches. These veins join to form the brachial vein, which...

veins of lower limbs

Lower Limb Vein Pathways

Lower limb veins carry blood from the feet and legs back toward the pelvis. They include deep veins and superficial veins. Deep veins lie farther from the skin, while superficial veins are closer to the body surface. The deep venous route begins in the foot and calf. The posterior tibial vein is formed by the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, and it rises through the calf muscle as it takes in the fibular vein. The anterior tibial vein is a superior extension of the dorsalis pedis...

hepatic portal system

Blood Flow Through the Liver

The hepatic portal system moves nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This pathway helps the body maintain metabolic balance. It delivers blood to the liver before that blood returns to the rest of the circulation. The hepatic portal vein forms where the superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein join. The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large...

overview of pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary Blood Flow Through the Lungs

Pulmonary blood flow moves blood between the heart and the lungs. This circuit carries deoxygenated blood away from the right side of the heart and returns oxygen-rich blood to the left side. It connects the respiratory and cardiovascular systems through a precise route. The process starts when the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk is a large vessel that extends about 5 centimeters before it splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries.

development of blood vessels

How Blood Vessels Form in the Embryo

Blood vessels form very early in embryonic development. The vascular system begins about 15 to 16 days after conception. It starts outside the embryo in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. About two days later, blood vessel formation begins inside the embryo itself. This early system begins with hemangioblasts, which are precursor cells. Hemangioblasts can become angioblasts, the cells that produce blood vessels. Angioblasts gather to form blood islands across the...

fetal circulation

Placenta and Fetal Blood Flow

Placenta and fetal blood flow work together to support the developing fetus. This system moves oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the fetus and the mother through the placenta, a special organ that acts as the exchange site. Two umbilical arteries carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. There, the blood picks up oxygen and nutrients and gives off waste products. The oxygen-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one umbilical vein. The umbilical vein splits into the fetal...

key terms and concepts

Learn how capillaries support microcirculation and material exchange, and compare continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries in key body tissues.

How Capillaries Exchange Blood and Tissue | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.40

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Blood

How Capillaries Exchange Blood and Tissue

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