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Mechanical Engineering

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Stress and Strain - Axial Loading

Ductile Material Stress-Strain Stages

Description

Ductile materials such as structural steel and aluminium show a multi-stage stress-strain response. When a specimen is loaded, its length first increases linearly at a slow rate. This produces a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. That initial part shows elastic deformation, which means the material returns to ...

Transcript

当试样受到载荷时,其长度首先以较慢的速率线性增加,从而在应力-应变图上形成一条初始的陡峭直线。

当达到临界应力值时,试样在施加载荷几乎不增加的情况下发生显著变形,这主要由剪切应力引起,导致沿倾斜面发生滑移。

随着载荷增加,材料在某一点处的直径减小,此现象称为缩颈。缩颈发生后,即使施加很小的载荷,试样也会进一步伸长,直至断裂。

屈服是指材料开始发生塑性变形的过程。材料开始屈服时所对应的应力称为屈服强度,对应于最大载荷的应力称为极限强度,而断裂时的应力则称为断裂强度。

结构钢的应力-应变曲线在屈服后因应变硬化而呈现应力恒定,而铝的应力则呈非线性增加。

材料的延展性通过伸长率百分比或横截面积缩减率百分比来衡量。在压缩条件下...