Name: elbow injury checks and stability tests
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:46:04.000Z
Duration: 10 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

Elbow Exam

1. Inspektion
<ol>
	<li>Wenn Sie den Ellenbogen zu kontrollieren, im Vergleich zu der unbeteiligte Seite Winkel tragen und auf der Suche nach Schwellung, Rötung, Wärme.</li>
	<li>Wenn Schwellung vorhanden ist, festzustellen Sie, ob es in den Schleimbeutel oder in das Gelenk. Schwellung im Ellenbogengelenk wird Arterton brachial Fossa angezeigt. Die häufigste Lokalisation für Schwellungen in den Ellenbogen ist posterior, in der Olecranon Bursa.</li>
	<li>Hinweis: Wenn Rötung oder Wärme vorhanden ist; Dies könnte darauf hindeuten, Olecranon Bursitis (Schleimbeutelentzündung) oder Infektion.</li>
	<li>Vergleichen Sie die Größe der Ellbogen, auf der Suche nach Atrophie. Beachten Sie, dass es üblich, adaptive Hypertrophie der dominante Ellenbogen in einem Werfer zu sehen ist.</li>
	<li>Beachten Sie die tragenden Winkel, der durch die Ober- und Unterarm in der anatomischen Position gebildet wird. Es ist normalerweise 5-10 ° bei Männern und 10-15° bei Frauen. Dieser Winkel kann durch vorherige Supracondylar Fraktur oder Infektion verändert werden.</li>
</ol>
2. palpation
Abtasten ist äußerst hilfreich bei der Identifizierung der Quelle der Schmerzen im Ellbogen. Es ist hilfreich, in der Regel Schmerzen im Ellbogen, anterior, posterior, mediale oder laterale lokalisieren.
Ertasten Sie die folgenden wichtigen Strukturen in jedem dieser Bereiche:
<ol>
	<li>Vorderen Ellenbogen<ol>
		<li>Bicepssehne: für eine enge Schnur in der medialen Aspekt des vorderen Ellbogens (beste Filz mit dem Ellenbogen um 90° gebogen) ertasten.</li>
		<li>Brachial Arterie: fühle mich für das Pulsieren der Bicepssehne nur medial.</li>
		<li>Für Zärtlichkeit über den Nervus medianus befindet sich medial auf die brachial Arterie palpieren.</li>
		<li>Palpieren Sie für Zärtlichkeit über die vordere Gelenkkapsel.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Hinteren Ellenbogen<ol>
		<li>Trizeps: Palpate entlang der hinteren Oberarm bis zur Spitze des Olecranon-Prozesses.</li>
		<li>Olecranon Prozeß: Palpate die prominenten Beule am hinteren Ellenbogen.</li>
		<li>Olecranon Fossa: fühlen sich die Depression nur überlegen dem Olecranon-Prozess.</li>
		<li>Olecranon Bursa: Palpate nach hinten zu der proximalen Ulna; Dies spürt nur wenn entzündet und geschwollen.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mediale Ellenbogen<ol>
		<li>Medialen Epicondylus: Palpate der knöchernen Vorsprung am medialen Ellenbogen.</li>
		<li>Wrist Flexor und Pronator Muskeln: das Gefühl für die Sehnen an der medialen Epicondylus.</li>
		<li>Medialen Seitenbandes (MCL): palpieren von medialen Epicondylus, der Olecranon. Die MCL liegt tief, Flexor-Pronator Muskeln.</li>
		<li>Ulnaris: palpieren von medialen Epicondylus des Olecranon-Prozesses oberhalb der MCL des Ellenbogens. Tippen über den Nerv verursachen unangenehme Empfindungen wenn entzündet (Tinel Zeichen).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Seitlichen Ellenbogen<ol>
		<li>Seitlichen Epicondylus: fühlen sich die knöcherne Prominenz am seitlichen Ellenbogen.</li>
		<li>Beinstrecker und Supinator Muskeln: Palpate die Sehnen an den seitlichen Epicondylus befestigt.</li>
		<li>Radiuskopf: am seitlichen Ellenbogen, beste fühlte mich beim supinating und das Handgelenk pronierenden ertasten.</li>
		<li>Radialcapitellar Gelenk: nur proximal zu den Radiuskopf ertasten.</li>
		<li>Palpieren vier Fingerbreit distal zum seitlichen Epicondylus für Zärtlichkeit: Schmerzen in diesem Bereich ist mit Kompression der posterior Membrana Nerven verbunden.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Auswahl der Bewegungsumfang (ROM)
ROM am Ellenbogen sollte bewertet werden, durch den Vergleich zwischen den beiden Seiten. Ein Mangel an Bewegung schlägt Steifigkeit (aufgrund einer Verletzung oder Arthritis) oder einen mechanischen Block innerhalb des Gelenks (aufgrund der Gelenkkörper). Normale ROM wird in Klammern angezeigt. Überprüfen Sie die folgenden Bewegungen:
<ol>
	<li>Erweiterung (0°): den Patienten bitten, den Ellenbogen zu verlängern, so dass der Arm gerade ist. Halten Sie im Verstand es ist üblich, leichte Beugung Kontraktur in einen Werfer zu sehen.</li>
	<li>Beugung (150°): bitten Sie den Patienten, den Ellenbogen zu beugen, indem Sie versuchen, die Hand auf die Schulter zu berühren.</li>
	<li>Pronation (70°): mit dem Patienten die Ellenbogen um 90° gebogen und der Daumen nach oben zeigt, den Patienten bitten, die Hand so drehen die Handfläche nach unten in Richtung Boden.</li>
	<li>Supination (90°): mit dem Patienten die Ellenbogen um 90° gebogen und der Daumen nach oben zeigt, den Patienten bitten, die Hand so drehen die Handfläche nach oben zeigt (als ob versucht, Suppe in der Handfläche halten).</li>
</ol>
4. Stärke testen
Stärke Prüfung erfolgt durch Widerstand oben beschriebenen Bewegungen überprüfen. Schmerz mit diesen widerstanden Bewegungen ist häufig aufgrund von Tendinitis oder Epicondylitis. Stärke sollte in den folgenden Anträgen bewertet werden:
<ol>
	<li>Supination des Unterarms (siehe oben): Widerstand wird laterale Epicondylitis (Supinator Sehnen am seitlichen Epicondylus befestigen) zu erschweren.</li>
	<li>Pronation des Unterarms (siehe oben): Widerstand wird mediale Epicondylitis (Pronatoren Sehnen am medialen Epicondylus befestigen) zu erschweren.</li>
	<li>Erweiterung des Handgelenks: der Patient Handgelenk gerade mit der Handfläche nach unten, bewegen Sie den Patienten Hand in Richtung nach oben. Widerstand wird Schmerz der laterale Epicondylitis (Handgelenk legen Extensoren am seitlichen Epicondylus) zu erschweren.</li>
	<li>Beugung des Handgelenks: der Patient Handgelenk gerade mit der Handfläche nach unten, bewegen der Hand des Patienten nach unten. Widerstand wird Schmerz der mediale Epicondylitis (Handgelenk legen Beuger am medialen Epicondylus) zu erschweren.</li>
	<li>Widerstanden lange Finger Erweiterung: der Patient Handgelenk gerade mit der Handfläche nach unten, bewegen des Patienten Mittelfinger in Richtung nach oben. Widerstand wird den Schmerz der laterale Epicondylitis verschärfen.</li>
	<li>Ellenbogen Flexion (siehe oben): Widerstand testet Bizeps Stärke und Schmerzen schlägt Sehnenscheidenentzündung.</li>
	<li>Ellenbogen Erweiterung (siehe oben): Widerstand wird testen Tests Trizeps Stärke und Schmerzen schlägt Sehnenscheidenentzündung.</li>
</ol>
(5) dehnen Tests
Diese Tests werden Schmerzen durch mediale oder laterale Epicondylitis durch Ziehen an dem Epicondylus verschlimmern.
<ol>
	<li>Strecken des Handgelenks in Flexion oder Pronation (oben beschrieben); Das zerrt an den seitlichen Epicondylus und verschlimmert den Schmerz der laterale Epicondylitis.</li>
	<li>Strecke das Handgelenk in Extension oder Supination (oben beschrieben); Dies zieht an der medialen Epicondylus und verschlimmert den Schmerz der mediale Epicondylitis.</li>
</ol>
(6) Seitenbandes testen
Die Seitenbänder des Ellenbogens sollten für Schmerzen und/oder Nachlässigkeit ausgewertet werden. Die medialen Seitenbandes ist viel häufiger als die seitlichen verletzt.
Zwei Tests werden verwendet, um diese Bänder zu bewerten:
<ol>
	<li>Varus/Valgus stress<ol>
		<li>Passiv drehen der Patient Schulter nach außen (vollständige Außenrotation), und die Ellbogen auf 30° zum Freischalten der Olecranon von Olecranon Fossa flex.</li>
		<li>Legen Sie eine Handfläche über der Patient seitlichen Ellenbogen und Push medial mit der anderen Hand (valgus Stress wird angewendet, um den medialen Seitenbandes zu beurteilen).</li>
		<li>Führen Sie Varus Stresstest um das laterale Seitenband bewerten, indem Sie die Handfläche über mediale Ellenbogen des Patienten und in seitlicher Richtung zu drängen.</li>
		<li>Suchen Sie nach Schmerzen und/oder Nachlässigkeit.</li>
		<li>Benoten Sie den Schweregrad der Bandverletzung. Grad I (Ligamentum gedehnt): Schmerzen mit keine Nachlässigkeit. Klasse II (teilweise Riss): Schmerzen mit minimalen Laxheit. Weiche Endpunkt. Klasse III (vollständige Riss): Schmerzen mit keine guten Endpunkt.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Melken Manöver: Biegen Sie den betroffenen Ellenbogen um 90° und volle Supination mit Daumen verlängert. Gegenüberliegenden Arm unter betroffenen Ellenbogen zu erreichen und Daumen zu erfassen. Ziehen seitlich am Daumen entsteht valgus Stress an der medialen Seitenbandes des betroffenen Ellenbogens.</li>
</ol>

Untersuchung des Ellenbogens erfolgt am besten durch einen stufenweisen Ansatz mit dem Patienten in sitzender Position. Es ist wichtig, den Patienten entfernen genügend Kleidung haben, so dass die Oberfläche Anatomie zu sehen und im Vergleich zu der unbeteiligte Seite. Die Prüfung beginnt mit Inspektion, auf der Suche nach Asymmetrie zwischen den Beteiligten und unbeteiligten Ellenbogen. Als nächstes ist Abtasten der Schlüsselstrukturen gemacht, auf der Suche nach Zärtlichkeit, Schwellungen oder Missbildung.
<p class...

untersuchung des ellenbogens

Quelle: Robert E. Sallis, MD. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, Kalifornien, USA
Der Ellenbogen ist ein Klappgelenk, die die Artikulation von 3 Knochen beinhaltet: den Oberarmknochen, Speiche und Elle. Es ist ein sehr viel stabiler als die Schulter, und aus diesem Grund hat die Ellbogen weniger Bewegungsfreiheit. Die Ellbogen und seine Strukturen sind anfällig für erhebliche Verletzungen, vor allem mit sich ständig wiederholende Bewegungen. Lateralen und medialen Epicondylitis (auch genannt Tennisarm und Golferellenbogen) sind zwei häufige Diagnosen und oft entstehen durch berufliche Tätigkeiten.
Bei der Prüfung des Ellenbogens ist es wichtig, genügend Kleidung zu entfernen, so dass die gesamte Schulter und Ellbogen eingesehen werden können. Es ist wichtig, den verletzten Ellenbogen auf die unbeteiligte Seite vergleichen. Eine systematische Bewertung des Ellenbogens beinhaltet Inspektion, Palpation, Bewegungsumfang (ROM) Tests und spezielle Tests, einschließlich Manöver zur Bewertung Bänder Stabilität und Tests durch, um Schmerzen durch Epicondylitis akzentuieren zu dehnen.

Untersuchung des Ellenbogens

Source: Robert E. Sallis, MD. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA
The elbow is a hinged joint that involves the articulation of 3 bones: the ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

Klinische Fertigkeiten

Physical Examinations III

Körperliche Untersuchungen III

elbow injury checks and stability tests

The elbow is a hinge joint made by the humerus, radius, and ulna. It is more stable than the shoulder, so it has less range of motion. The elbow and nearby structures can still be injured, especially with repetitive motion.

Lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis are two common elbow problems. Lateral epicondylitis is also called tennis elbow, and medial epicondylitis is also called golfer's elbow. These conditions often develop from occupational activities.

A full elbow exam starts with enough clothing removed to inspect the shoulder and elbow. The injured elbow should be compared with the uninjured side. The exam then includes inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests.

Special tests can check ligament stability and stretch the area to bring out pain from epicondylitis. This systematic approach helps evaluate elbow injury and pain in a clear, organized way.

Elbow Injury Checks and Stability Tests

cranial nerves exam i (i-vi)

Cranial Nerve Exam: Eye and Face Checks

Cranial nerve testing uses careful observation to check how the eyes, face, and related muscles are working. Some problems are easy to spot. A patient may report loss of smell or double vision, and facial nerve palsy can also be seen on exam. Other issues, such as sixth nerve palsy, may be subtle and need a careful neurological exam to find them. Cranial nerve problems can also appear when a person has changes in mental status. Some neurodegenerative disorders and brain lesions can affect...

cranial nerves exam ii (vii-xii)

Testing Cranial Nerves VII-XII

Cranial nerves VII-XII are tested as part of the neurological exam after the mental status evaluation. The examination begins with simple observations made during the first greeting. Facial weakness may already be visible, since the facial muscles are controlled by cranial nerve VII. Cranial nerve VII is the facial nerve. It also carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and part of the external auditory canal. If facial weakness is paired with taste loss on the same side, that...

motor exam i

Motor Function Assessment Basics

Motor function assessment begins with careful observation. Abnormal motor findings can appear in many diseases, including movement disorders, myopathies, and strokes. The clinician first watches how the patient walks into the exam area. They also note walking without help, speed, and coordination while moving. Patient history gives another chance to look for signs such as tremors. It can also reveal other abnormal movements, including chorea and tardive dyskinesia. These early observations may...

motor exam ii

Neurological Reflexes, Coordination, and Gait

Neurological motor exams often include testing reflexes, coordination, and gait. These parts of the exam help localize neurologic problems and show how the nervous system is working. Reflex testing includes deep tendon reflexes and superficial reflexes. A deep tendon reflex, or DTR, begins when a stretch-sensitive receptor in a neuromuscular spindle is stimulated. That signal travels through a single synapse to a motor nerve and produces a muscle contraction. DTRs are often increased in...

sensory exam

Sensory Pathways and Nerve Mapping

A sensory exam checks pain, temperature, light touch, vibration, and joint position sense. It helps localize nerve and brain problems by showing which sensory pathways are affected. Sensation from the face is covered in Cranial Nerves Exam I and II, along with smell, vision, taste, and hearing. Pain and temperature signals travel in the spinothalamic tract. These fibers cross 1 to 2 spinal nerve segments above where they enter, then move through the brainstem to the thalamus. From there, the...

neck exam

Cervical Spine and Neck Injury

The neck contains the cervical spine, a group of seven vertebrae arranged in a gentle C-shaped curve. These bones, joints, and ligaments make the neck complex to examine. The cervical spine supports the head and helps protect the nerves that come from the brain and spinal cord. Each vertebra has a thick bony body at the front. Intervertebral discs connect the bodies above and below, and they add stability and shock absorption. The back part of each vertebra includes the laminae, transverse and...

shoulder exam i

Shoulder Exam: Joint Structure and Motion

Shoulder exam starts with understanding the joints and muscles that control shoulder movement. The shoulder is made up of four separate joints: the glenohumeral (GH) joint, the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, the sternoclavicular joint, and the scapulothoracic joint. The GH joint is the main joint for shoulder motion. It is also the most mobile joint in the body. Because it is shaped like a golf ball sitting on a tee, it can be prone to instability. The GH joint is held in place by the four...

shoulder exam ii

Shoulder Strength and Instability Tests

The shoulder exam continues with strength testing of the rotator cuff muscles and the biceps tendons. These tests help assess common sources of shoulder pain and guide the next steps in the exam. The rotator cuff includes the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles. These muscles act as compressors that hold the humeral head in place against the glenoid. Injury and wear of the rotator cuff tendons are among the most common causes of shoulder pain. Strength is...

elbow exam

The elbow is a hinge joint made by the humerus, radius, and ulna. It is more stable than the shoulder, so it has less range of motion. The elbow and nearby structures can still be injured, especially with repetitive motion. Lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis are two common elbow problems. Lateral epicondylitis is also called tennis elbow, and medial epicondylitis is also called golfer's elbow. These conditions often develop from occupational activities. A full elbow exam starts...

wrist and hand examination

Wrist and Hand Injury Exam

The wrist and hand injury exam checks bones, joints, tendons, nerves, and blood flow. The wrist is a complex joint made of 8 carpal bones and many ligaments. The hand has 5 metacarpal bones, and the fingers have 14 phalanges. Tendons and muscles lie over these bones and help move the hand and fingers. Wrist and hand problems can follow impact, weight-bearing activities such as gymnastics, or twisting and throwing motions. The exam starts with inspection. The examiner then looks for tenderness...

lower back exam

Lower Back Pain Evaluation

The lower back exam checks for pain, injury, and changes in the spine and nearby tissues. Back pain is a common source of pain in the body. Because the lower back includes bones, discs, ligaments, nerves, and muscles, each of these structures can contribute to symptoms. The exam starts with inspection and palpation. Inspection means looking for signs of deformity or inflammation. Palpation means feeling the area with the hands to check for tenderness or swelling. The exam also includes range...

hip exam

Assessing Hip Pain and Movement

The hip is a ball-and-socket joint made by the femoral head fitting into the acetabulum. The hip ligaments help make it a very strong and stable joint. Even so, the hip still has a wide range of motion and can wear down over time or after injury. Hip pain can affect people of many ages. It may be linked to problems inside the joint or outside the joint. The location of pain in the hip region can give early clues about the cause. A hip exam looks for asymmetry, swelling, and changes in gait,...

knee exam

Knee Injury Assessment

Knee injury assessment focuses on the largest joint in the body, where the femur meets the tibia. Because the knee sits in the middle of the lower leg, it faces traumatic and degenerative forces. Its structure also makes the exam more detailed. The joint is inherently unstable and relies on ligaments and menisci for support. The menisci act as shock absorbers and help increase the contact area of the joint. The patella sits in front of the knee and acts as a fulcrum for forceful extension.

ankle exam

How to Assess an Injured Ankle

The ankle exam helps assess an injured ankle by checking the joint, the ligaments, and the surrounding foot. The ankle and foot form the base for body support and upright movement. Because this area bears weight, ankle injuries are common in athletes and in the general population. Ankle injuries can happen after sudden trauma or from repeated overuse, such as running. The ankle is a fairly simple joint. It includes the distal tibia, the talus, and the fibula on the lateral side. Its main...

foot exam

Assessing Foot Pain and Injury

Foot pain and injury can be evaluated by checking the foot carefully from side to side. The foot is a complex structure made of many bones and joints. It gives the body flexibility, serves as the main point of contact for walking, and helps absorb shock. Because the foot supports the weight of the whole body, it is often prone to pain and injury. A full exam starts by removing shoes and socks on both feet. This lets the examiner inspect the entire foot and compare the painful or injured side...

physical examinations iii

Diese Sammlung umfasst die physische Untersuchung von zwei großen Systemen in unserem Körper: das neurologische und das Muskel-Skelett-System. In den Videos wird die relevante Anatomie, die Grundlagen der Untersuchungsschritte sowie die Interpretation der Untersuchungsergebnisse erläutert.

Explore how the elbow is examined, from comparing both sides to testing motion, ligament stability, and pain from tennis elbow or golfer's elbow.

Elbow Injury Checks and Stability Tests | JoVE K12

Robert E. Sallis

Kaiser Permanente

Overview

Inspection and Palpation

Range of Motion Testing

Strength Testing

Special Tests

Summary

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Morpholino-mediated gene silencing is a common technique used to study roles of specific genes during development. Morpholinos inhibit gene expression by ...

development-and-reproduction-of-the-laboratory-mouse

Development and Reproduction of the Laboratory Mouse

Successful breeding of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is critical to the establishment and maintenance of a productive animal colony. Additionally, ...

Genetic Crosses

To dissect genetic processes or create organisms with novel suites of traits, scientists can perform genetic crosses, or the purposeful mating of two ...

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

HS-LS1-1.

Elbow Injury Checks and Stability Tests

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