Name: creating transgenic plants and animals
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:38.604Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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9-12

Biology

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Transgenic Organisms

Transgene Organismen haben ein gentechnisch ver&#xE4;ndertes Transgen, ein neues Gen, oft von einer anderen Spezies, das in ihr Genom eingef&#xFC;gt wird, so dass es ein gew&#xFC;nschtes Protein herstellen kann.
 Zum Beispiel wurden transgene Ziegen entwickelt, damit sie in ihrer Milch Spinnenseide produzieren, die dann dazu verwendet wird, au&#xDF;ergew&#xF6;hnlich starke Fasern herzustellen.
 Die Einf&#xFC;gung des Transgens wird normalerweise in der ersten Entwicklungsphase durchgef&#xFC;hrt, wie etwa beim befruchteten Ei, so dass es in allen Zellen des Organismus auftritt, inklusive der Geschlechtszellen, die auch Keimzellen genannt werden.
 Die Einf&#xFC;gung in diese Zellen erm&#xF6;glicht es dem Transgen, durch Zucht an die n&#xE4;chsten Generationen weitergegeben zu werden und eine Reihe von transgenen Organismen zu schaffen, die das fremde Protein herstellen.

Wheeler, M.B. 2013. "Transgene Tiere in der Landwirtschaft." Naturbildungswissen 4 (11): 1. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/transgenic-animals-in-agriculture-105646080" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Yao, Jian, Yunqi Weng, Alexia Dickey und Kevin Yueju Wang. 2015. "Pflanzen als Fabriken für Humanpharmazeutika: Anwendungen und Herausforderungen." Internationale Zeitschrift für Molekularwissenschaften 16 (12): 28549–65. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226122" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

transgene organismen

<h4>&#xDC;berblick</h4>
 
 Transgene Organismen sind genetisch so ver&#xE4;ndert, dass sie Transgene&#x2014;Gene von einer anderen Spezies&#x2014;als Teil ihres Genoms tragen. Das Transgen kann entweder eine andere Version eines Gens des Organismus sein oder ein Gen, das in ihrem Genom nicht existiert. Transgene werden normalerweise durch rekombinante DNA und DNA-Klonierung erzeugt. Transgene Bakterien, Pflanzen und Tiere erm&#xF6;glichen es den Wissenschaftlern, sich mit biologischen Fragen zu befassen und praktische L&#xF6;sungen zu entwerfen.
 
 <h4>Die Herstellung eines transgenen Organismus</h4>
 
 Wissenschaftler beginnen den Prozess der genetischen Ver&#xE4;nderung&#x2014;Einf&#xFC;hrung eines Transgens in das Genom eines Organismus&#x2014;durch die Auswahl einer geeigneten Technik. Es gibt verschiedene biologische, chemische und physikalische Methoden daf&#xFC;r. Eine &#xFC;bliche biologische Methode beinhaltet die virusvermittelte Einf&#xFC;hrung von Fremd-DNA in das Genom einer Wirtszelle, welche als Transduktion bezeichnet wird. Eine beliebte chemische Methode verwendet Kalziumphosphat (Ca3(PO4)2). Bei dieser Methode bildet sich ein Ca3(PO4)2/DNA-Pr&#xE4;zipitat, die die DNA-Bindung an die Zelle und den Eintritt in die Zelle zu erleichtert. Physikalische Methoden wie die Mikroinjektion&#x2014;eine Technik, die eine d&#xFC;nne Glasnadel verwendet, um genetisches Material mechanisch in Zellen einzuf&#xFC;gen&#x2014;die DNA wird dabei k&#xFC;nstlich mit Kraft injiziert.
 
 In der Zelle kann sich ein Transgen entweder zuf&#xE4;llig oder an einer bestimmten Stelle im Genom mit Hilfe von DNA-Reparatur-Enzymen integrieren (d.h. rekombinieren). Diese transgenen Zellen multiplizieren und replizieren dann das Transgen als Teil ihres Genoms und exprimieren dadurch stabil das gew&#xFC;nschte Gen des Forschers. Ein Transgen kann sich auch nicht in das Genom integrieren und somit nur eine vor&#xFC;bergehende Expression des gew&#xFC;nschten Gens induzieren. In der Regel wird ein selektierbarer Marker (z.B. Antibiotikum-Resistenzgen) oder ein Reportergen (z.B. GFP) zu dem gew&#xFC;nschtem Gen gef&#xFC;gt, so dass Zellen mit erfolgreicher Integration des Transgens identifiziert werden k&#xF6;nnen.
 
 <h4>Transgene k&#xF6;nnen in Tiere und Pflanzen eingef&#xFC;gt werden</h4>
 
 Bei Tieren wird das Transgen typischerweise durch Mikroinjektion in ein fr&#xFC;hes, befruchtetes Ei eingef&#xFC;gt. Die Hoffnung ist, dass das Transgen in die Keimzellen integriert wird&#x2014;so dass es in allen sich entwickelnden Zellen des Organismus exprimiert wird. Dar&#xFC;ber hinaus ist die Integration in die Keimzellen vererbbar, d.h. das Transgen kann durch Z&#xFC;chtung an Generationen weitergegeben werden. Die transgenen Tiere werden r&#xFC;ckgekreuzt&#x2014;die Nachkommen werden mit einem Elternteil gepaart&#x2014;um Linie zu schaffen, die f&#xFC;r das Transgen homozygot sind.
 
 Die genetische Ver&#xE4;nderung von Pflanzen verwendet routinem&#xE4;&#xDF;ig eine biologische Methode, wie z.B. die Einf&#xFC;hrung von bakteriellen Vektoren, um fremde DNA in Zellen einzubringen. Rhizobium radiobacter (fr&#xFC;her bekannt als Agrobacterium tumefaciens) ist ein bodenbewohnendes, pathogenes Bakterium, das Pflanzen infiziert und seine Plasmid-DNA in das Pflanzengenom integriert. Wissenschaftler haben R. radiobacter so modifiziert, dass die Plasmid-DNA ein Transgen tragen kann. Daf&#xFC;r werden pflanzliche Gewebeproben mit R. radiobacter kultiviert, um eine Infektion und die Integration des Transgens zu erm&#xF6;glichen. Diese Gewebe werden dann in einem selektiven N&#xE4;hrmedium kultiviert, dass das Wachstum der Sprossen und Wurzeln induziert, bis die neue Pflanze in den Boden &#xFC;bertragen werden kann. Diese transgenen Pflanzen werden dann r&#xFC;ckgekreuzt, um Linien mit ertragreichen, transgenen Pflanzen zu schaffen.
 
 <h4>Die praktische Anwendung von transgenen Organismen</h4>
 
 Transgene Organismen haben viele Anwendungen in Landwirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Industrie und Medizin. Beispielsweise wurden transgene Pflanzen produziert, die insektenresistent sind, um den Ertrag zu erh&#xF6;hen und den Einsatz von Pestiziden zu reduzieren (z.B. Bt-Mais); Bakterien wurden f&#xFC;r die Verwendung in der biomedizinischen Forschung und zur Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen entwickelt. Transgene Tiere wurden zur Herstellung von Medikamenten&#x2014;wie menschlichen Proteinen&#x2014;und zur Herstellung von Modellsystem f&#xFC;r menschliche Krankheiten verwendet. Wissenschaftler nutzen die Kraft der transgenen Pflanzen, Bakterien und Tiere, um die Genexpression zu erforschen, gew&#xFC;nschte Genprodukte zu erzeugen oder wertvolle Eigenschaften zu f&#xF6;rdern.

Transgene Organismen

Overview

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry transgenes&#x2014;genes from a different species&#x2014;as part of their genome. The ...

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creating transgenic plants and animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods.

Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method, which is the process of adding a transgene to a genome. Common methods include biological, chemical, and physical approaches.

One biological method is transduction, where a virus carries foreign DNA into a host cell genome. A chemical method uses calcium phosphate, or Ca3(PO4)2, to form a precipitate with DNA that helps the DNA bind to cells and enter them. A physical method is microinjection, which uses a thin glass needle to push genetic material directly into cells.

After DNA enters the cell, the transgene may integrate randomly or at a specific site with help from DNA repair enzymes through recombination. The transgenic cells then divide and copy the transgene as part of their genome. In some cases, the transgene does not integrate, so it only gives temporary expression of the gene of interest.

Scientists often add a selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance gene, or a reporter gene, such as GFP, with the gene of interest. These extra genes help identify cells that successfully took up the transgene. In animals, the transgene is usually microinjected into an early fertilized egg so it can enter germ cells, the precursor cells that form egg or sperm.

If the transgene reaches the germ line, it can be expressed in the developing organism and passed to later generations through breeding. Transgenic animals are often backcrossed, which means the offspring are mated with the parent, to make homozygous lines. In plants, scientists often use Rhizobium radiobacter, a soil bacterium formerly called Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to deliver plasmid DNA carrying the transgene into plant cells.

Plant tissues are cultured with R. radiobacter so the bacteria can infect the cells and insert the transgene into the plant genome. The tissues are then grown on selective media that promote shoot and root growth until the new plant can be moved to soil. These transgenic plants are also backcrossed to produce high-yield lines.

Transgenic organisms have many uses in agriculture, science, industry, and medicine. Transgenic plants can be made insect-resistant, such as Bt corn, to raise yield and reduce pesticide use. Engineers also create transgenic bacteria for biomedical research and biofuel production, and transgenic animals can produce medicines, including human proteins, or serve as models of human disease.

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

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DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

Antibiotic resistance genes help scientists find bacteria that took up a plasmid with a gene of interest. In genetic engineering, this resistance is used as a marker, not just as a medical concern. The same process also connects to the growing problem of resistant bacteria in the real world. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. When bacteria naturally have, or are engineered to carry, an antibiotic resistance gene, the antibiotic no longer works on them.

transgenic organisms

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

Gene therapy is a technique used to treat serious disease by adding a gene to a person’s cells. The added gene may be a healthy copy of a mutated gene. It may also be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the disease-causing gene. One example is severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID, caused by a mutation in the gene for adenosine deaminase. In that case, a working copy of the gene can be inserted so the patient’s cells make the enzyme again. This can cure the disease in some...

embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Cloning Animals with SCNT

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Learn how scientists make transgenic plants, bacteria, and animals using microinjection, bacteria, and other methods to study genes and create useful traits.

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals | JoVE K12

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Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

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Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

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