Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

Das reproduktive Klonen ist die Herstellung einer genetisch identischen Kopie, eines Klons eines Organismus.
 Das 1996 produzierte Schaf Dolly war der erste Klon eines erwachsenen Tieres.
 Seitdem wurden jedoch mehrere andere Arten geklont, darunter Hunde und Katzen.
 Die häufigste Methode zum Klonen erwachsener Tiere ist der Zellkerntransfer.
 Zunächst wird der Zellkern aus einer Eizelle entfernt.
 Dann wird dem zu klonierenden Tier eine somatische Zelle, beispielsweise eine Hautzelle, entnommen.
 Der Kern, der chromosomale DNA enthält, wird entfernt und in das Ei injiziert.
 Das Ei wird durch chemische oder elektrische Behandlung zur Teilung angeregt und bildet einen Embryo, welcher in die Gebärmutter eines erwachsenen Weibchens implantiert wird und sich dort bis zur Geburt weiterentwickelt.
 Der resultierende Klon hat die gleiche chromosomale DNA wie das ursprüngliche Tier, aber die mitochondriale DNA ist häufig unterschiedlich, da die Mitochondrien aus dem Zytoplasma des Eies stammen, normalerweise von einem anderen Individuum.
 Auch können phänotypische Unterschiede zwischen dem Klon und dem Original aufgrund von Umwelt- und epigenetischen Faktoren während der Entwicklung auftreten, ebenso wie eineiige Zwillinge sich trotz gleicher DNA geringfügig voneinander unterscheiden.

Ayala, Francisco J. "Klonen von Menschen? Biologische, ethische und soziale Überlegungen." Verfahren der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika 112, Nr. 29 (21. Juli 2015): 8879–86. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]
Keefer, Carol L. "Künstliches Klonen von Haustieren." Verfahren der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika 112, Nr. 29 (21. Juli 2015): 8874–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112</a>.

reproduktives klonen

Reproduktives Klonen ist der Prozess, bei dem eine genetisch identische Kopie, ein Klon, eines gesamten Organismus hergestellt wird. Ein Klon kann durch die Spaltung eines frühen Embryos erzeugt werden. Das ist ähnlich der Entstehung von eineiigen Zwillingen. Das Klonen von erwachsenen Tieren wird typischerweise durch den somatischen Zellkerntransfer (SCNT) erreicht.
 
 <h4>Somatischer Zellkerntransfer</h4>
 
 Bei dem somatischen Zellkerntransfer wird einem Tier eine Eizelle entnommen und der Zellkern entfernt. Anschließend wird von dem zu klonenden Tier eine somatische Zelle, das ist eine Zelle, die keine Keimzelle ist, entnommen. Der Kern der somatischen Zelle wird dann in die Eizelle ohne Zellkern eingeführt. Dies kann durch direkte Injektion oder durch Verschmelzung der somatischen Zelle mit der Eizelle mit Hilfe elektrischen Strom erreicht werden.
 
 Das Ei enthält nun den Zellkern mit der chromosomalen DNA des zu klonenden Tieres. Die Zellteilung wird dann stimuliert und so entsteht ein Embryo. Dieser wird dann in die Gebärmutter einer Leihmutter eingepflanzt wird. Wenn alles richtig abläuft, entwickelt sich der Klon normal und wird geboren.
 
 Obwohl dieser Prozess erfolgreich verwendet wurde, um viele verschiedene Arten von Tieren zu klonen, ist die Erfolgsrate eher gering. Nur ein kleiner Prozentsatz der Embryonen überlebt tatsächlich bis zur Geburt. So wurden beispielsweise schon Schafe, Kühe, Esel, Kaninchen und Hunde geklont. Sollten die geklonten Tiere bis zur Geburt überleben, altern sie häufig schnell und sterben frühzeitig. Das liegt daran, dass ihre DNA von reifen Zellen stammt, deren Telomere bereits verkürzt wurden. Es handelt sich dabei um den stetigen Verlust eines kleinen Teils der schützenden Chromosomen-Enden bei jeder Zellteilung. Das ist ein Teil des normalen Alterungsprozesses.
 
 Die chromosomale DNA des Klons gleicht der DNA des Spender-Zellkerns, er kann jedoch eine andere mitochondriale DNA haben, da die Mitochondrien sich im Zytoplasma der Eizelle befanden, welche normalerweise von einem anderen Tier kommt. Außerdem können phänotypische Unterschiede zwischen dem Klon und dem originalem Tier auftreten, welche auf Umwelt- und epigenetische Faktoren zurückzuführen sind. Zum Beispiel sah die erste geklonte Katze, Cc, ganz anders aus als die originale Katze, weil das Fellmuster auf eine zufällige X-Chromosom-Inaktivierung in verschiedenen Zellen zurückzuführen ist.
 
 Trotz der technischen Herausforderungen hat das reproduktive Klonen viele potenzielle Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Darunter fallen die Produktion von genetisch identischen Versuchstieren, Tieren mit gewünschten Eigenschaften und Nachkommen gefährdeter Arten. Sogar bei menschlicher Unfruchtbarkeit und Krankheiten hat es potentielle Anwendungen, obwohl das Klonen von Menschen noch nicht durchgeführt wurde und ethische Bedenken aufwirft.

Reproduktives Klonen

Reproduktives Klonen ist der Prozess der Herstellung einer genetisch identischen Kopie – eines Klons – eines ganzen Organismus. Während Klone von ...

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cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

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complementary dna

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antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

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transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

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gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

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embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

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Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

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Molecular Cloning

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
EXPLANATION: The goal is to help students appreciate that the basic science knowledge being studied can be manipulated and used to design useful tools for further scientific investigations, medical treatments, agricultural yields, etc. A detailed understanding of any technical procedures is not expected, but rather a "big picture" view of concepts the technology utilizes and the applications the technology is being used for. These technologies may be best investigated along with the standards from LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structure and Functions, as the students are learning about DNA and protein. Comparative DNA and protein sequence analysis is also a large part of current phylogenic research and could accompany LS4 Biological Change: Unity and Diversity. Students may also consider the pros and cons of biotechnical applications. Investigation of techniques utilized could come from field trips to witness the use of these techniques in practice, lab exercises, virtual labs, simulation activities, interviews with professionals, etc. Molecular techniques could include: PCR, electrophoresis, restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA sequencing, plasmid-based transformation, transfection, etc. These techniques are used in fields of medicine, agriculture, biomedical engineering, forensic science, etc.

BIO1.ETS2.1

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Investigate means by which karyotypes are utilized in diagnostic medicine.
EXPLANATION: Engineers incorporate growing scientific knowledge in order to increase benefits to humans and decrease cost and risks. Karyotyping technology and its use in medical diagnosis can complement the standards from LS3: Hereditary: Inheritance, and Variation of Traits, as the students are learning about chromosomal organization of genomic information that determines one's phenotype. Analyze a large set of karyotypes to identify common patterns. Identify variations from the most commonly observed patterns and correlate them with patient phenotypes to propose a cause and effect relationship, discussing limitations of correlative data interpretation.

BIO1.ETS2.2

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EXPLANATION: The utilization of new technologies in any field of science is dependent on both economic and social factors. In addition to evaluating these factors, scientists must also consider long-term consequences that may not be initially apparent. The emphasis should be on the construction of a rationale argument that supports a position on the use of an application with ethical and social impact. Students should begin to appreciate the differences in ethical values that exist, and recognize that discussion of these values is imperative as knowledge and technology continue to advance, even when resolutions of differences can be rare. After investigation of a specific biotechnology application, students can write a position paper and/or participate in a classroom debate.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

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