Name: crispr-cas9 gene editing in action
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 59 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

links-among-engineering-technology-science-and-society

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

CRISPR

Das CRISPR-Cas9-System ist ein DNA-Bearbeitungswerkzeug, das für geclusterte, regelmäßig verteilte kurze palindromische Wiederholungen und CRISPR-assoziiertes Protein 9 steht.
 CRISPR-Cas9 wurde erstmals in Bakterien beobachtet und ist ein Mittel zur Abwehr von Viren.
 Wenn fremde virale DNA in ein Bakterium eindringt, wird sie zu kleineren Fragmenten verarbeitet, die in eine Region des Bakteriengenoms, den CRISPR-Locus, eingefügt werden können.
 Wenn die Region transkribiert wird, assoziiert sich das Produkt mit kleineren RNAs, die tracrRNAs genannt werden.
 Dies kann dazu beitragen, sowohl das Cas9-Protein als auch die RNAse an dem Molekül zu orientieren, das das Transkript spaltet.
 Das Endergebnis sind mehrere Komplexe, die jeweils aus einem Cas9-Protein, TracrRNA und einer CRISPR-RNA bestehen, die von DNA im Locus abgeleitet sind.
 Die CRISPR-RNA in diesen Strukturen erkennt und führt Cas9 zu viraler DNA, die dann gespalten und zerstört wird.
 Wissenschaftler nutzen CRISPR-Cas9, indem sie einzelne RNA-Moleküle synthetisieren, die TracrRNA und CrRNA imitieren, die auf ein Gen von Interesse abzielen können.
 Wenn zum Beispiel zwei solche Leit-RNAs mit Cas9 in Zellen eingeführt werden und beide auf dasselbe Gen abzielen, kann eine Sequenz herausgeschnitten werden.
 Sobald dieser Zielbereich entfernt ist, werden die Schnittenden wieder verbunden und die Auswirkungen auf die Zellen beobachtet.
 Somit ist das CRISPR-Cas9-System durch einen Bakterienmechanismus modifiziert und kann für eine Reihe von Gen-Editing-Techniken eingesetzt werden.

Thurtle-Schmidt, Deborah M. und Te-Wen Lo. "Molekularbiologie am Puls der Zeit: Ein Überblick über CRISPR/CAS9-Gen-Editing für Studenten." Biochemie und molekularbiologische Bildung 46, Nr. 2 (2018): 195–205. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21108" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Lander, Eric S. "Die Helden von CRISPR." Zelle 164, Nr. 1 (14. Januar 2016): 18–28. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.041" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

crispr

Genom-Editierung Techniken erlauben es Wissenschaftlern, die DNA eines Organismus zu verändern durch das Hinzufügen, das Entfernen oder der Neuordnung von genetischem Material an spezifischen Genom loci. Diese Techniken könnten wahrscheinlich zur Heilung von genetischen Krankheiten wie Hämophilie und Sichelzellanämie eingesetzt werden. Ein beliebtes und weit verbreitetes Forschungsinstrument zur DNA-Editierung, dass zu einer sicheren und effektiven Behandlungsmethode für genetische Krankheiten führen könnte, ist das CRISPR-Cas9-System. CRISPR-Cas9 steht für Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats und CRISPR-associated Protein 9. Das grundlegende CRISPR-Cas9-System besteht aus einer Cas9-Endonuclease und einer kleinen RNA, die Cas9 zu dir Ziel-DNA führt.
 
 <h4>Die Herkunft</h4>
 
 CRISPR-Sequenzen wurden zuerst in Bakterien beobachtet und später in Archaeen identifiziert. Die Forscher entdeckten, dass das CRISPR-Cas9-System einer adaptiven Immunabwehr gegen eindringende Viren dient. Viele Bakterien und die meisten Archaeen fangen kurze Sequenzen der Virus-DNA ein, um eine Bibliothek von Virus-DNA-Segmenten, sogenannte CRISPR-Arrays, zu erstellen. Wenn Prokaryoten erneut dem gleichen Virus oder der gleichen Virusklasse ausgesetzt werden, werden diese CRISPR-Arrays verwendet, um kleine RNA-Segmente zu transkribieren. Diese helfen dabei, virale Eindringlinge zu erkennen und anschließend die virale DNA mit Cas9 oder einer ähnlichen Endonuklease zu zerstören.
 
 <h4>Verwendung der CRISPR-Cas9 Technologie</h4>
 
 Das CRISPR-Cas9 wird regulär im Labor verwendet, um DNA zu entfernen und eine neue DNA-Sequenz an dieser Stelle einzufügen. Um dies zu erreichen, müssen die Forscher zunächst ein kleines RNA-Fragment (spacer-RNA) mit einer kurzen Sequenz (spacer-Sequenz) erstellen, die an eine bestimmte Zielsequenz in der genomischen DNA bindet. Die Spacer-RNA kann auch Cas9 (oder anderen Endonukleasen wie Cpf1) binden. Die Spacer-RNA und das Cas9-Protein werden in die gewünschte Zelle eingeführt, wo dann die spacer-RNA die Ziel-DNA-Sequenz identifiziert und Cas9 sie letztlich spaltet.
 
 Die Maschinerie der Zelle repariert dann die gebrochenen DNA-Stränge durch Einfügen oder Entfernen von zufälligen Nucleotiden. Dadurch wird das Zielgen inaktiviert. Alternativ kann eine spezifische DNA-Sequenz zusammen mit der spacer-RNA und Cas9 in die Zelle eingeführt werden. Diese dient als Vorlage für die Reparaturmaschinerie und ersetzt die entfernte Sequenz. Diese Methode ist hochwirksam, um bestimmte Gene “auszuschalten”, zu untersuchen oder ein mutiertes Gen durch eine normale Kopie zu ersetzen, in der Hoffnung, eine Krankheit heilen zu können.
 
 <h4>Ethische und praktische Erwägungen beim Menschen</h4>
 
 Aufgrund der signifikanten gentechnischen Möglichkeiten des CRISPR-Cas9-Systems gab es eine große Debatte hinsichtlich seiner Verwendung. Besonders wurde die Verwendung des CRISPR-Cas9-Systems im Hinblick auf die Modifizierung von Embryos diskutiert. Ein chinesischer Wissenschaftler behauptete kürzlich, genomeditierte Babys mit Hilfe der CRISPR-Technologie erzeugt zu haben. Dabei behauptete er ein bei HIV-Infektionen beteiligtes Gen deaktiviert zu haben. Dies führte zu einem weltweiten Aufschrei von Wissenschaftlern, die über die ethischen und sicherheitstechnischen Aspekte des Verfahrens besorgt sind. Viele haben den Schritt als verfrüht bezeichnet, während andere äußerten ihre Bedenken zu möglichen genomischen Off-Target-Effekten. Obwohl die Zahl der möglichen biotechnologischen Anwendungen für das CRISPR-Cas9-System zahlreich ist, sollte man zukünftige Herausforderungen berücksichtigen, die sich aus dem Einsatz des Systems ergeben können.

Genom-Editing-Technologien ermöglichen es Wissenschaftlern, die DNA eines Organismus durch Hinzufügen, Entfernen oder Umordnen von genetischem Material zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten zu verändern.

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Biologie

Genetics

Genetik

Biotechnology

Biotechnologie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

crispr-cas9 gene editing in action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia.

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the target sequence. Together, they make CRISPR-Cas9 a precise research tool for DNA editing.

CRISPR sequences were first seen in bacteria and later found in archaea. Scientists discovered that this system acts like an adaptive immune defense against viruses. Many bacteria and most archaea store short pieces of viral DNA in CRISPR arrays. When the same virus returns, these RNA segments help identify it, and Cas9 or a similar endonuclease destroys the viral DNA.

In the lab, CRISPR-Cas9 is often used to remove DNA and replace it with a new sequence. Researchers first design a guide RNA, which contains a guide sequence that matches a target sequence on genomic DNA. The guide RNA and Cas9 are then placed in the cell of interest. The guide RNA finds the target, Cas9 cuts the DNA, and the cell repairs the break by adding or deleting random nucleotides, which can turn the gene off.

Scientists can also add a custom DNA template with the guide RNA and Cas9. The repair machinery can use that template to replace the removed sequence. This makes CRISPR useful for gene knockouts and for replacing a mutated gene with a normal copy in hopes of treating disease. Other endonucleases, such as Cpf1, can also work with guide RNA.

CRISPR-Cas9 has also raised major ethical and safety questions, especially about embryo editing. A Chinese scientist claimed to have used CRISPR to create genome-edited babies by disabling a gene linked to HIV infection. That claim led to global concern because many scientists thought the work was premature and worried about off-target genomic effects. CRISPR has many possible biotech uses, but future challenges still need careful attention.

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

Antibiotic resistance genes help scientists find bacteria that took up a plasmid with a gene of interest. In genetic engineering, this resistance is used as a marker, not just as a medical concern. The same process also connects to the growing problem of resistant bacteria in the real world. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. When bacteria naturally have, or are engineered to carry, an antibiotic resistance gene, the antibiotic no longer works on them.

transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

Gene therapy is a technique used to treat serious disease by adding a gene to a person’s cells. The added gene may be a healthy copy of a mutated gene. It may also be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the disease-causing gene. One example is severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID, caused by a mutation in the gene for adenosine deaminase. In that case, a working copy of the gene can be inserted so the patient’s cells make the enzyme again. This can cure the disease in some...

embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Cloning Animals with SCNT

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Learn how CRISPR-Cas9 edits DNA, uses guide RNA and Cas9, and why scientists debate its use in embryos and gene therapy.

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

myJoVE Corporation

Molecular Cloning

Molecular cloning is a set of methods, which are used to insert recombinant DNA into a vector - a carrier of DNA molecules that will replicate recombinant ...

An Overview of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering &#8211; the process of purposefully altering an organism&#8217;s DNA &#8211; has been used to create powerful research tools and model ...

Recombineering and Gene Targeting

One of the most widely used tools in modern biology is molecular cloning with restriction enzymes, which create compatible ends between DNA fragments that ...

Genome Editing

A well-established technique for modifying specific sequences in the genome is gene targeting by homologous recombination, but this method can be ...

Recombinant DNA

DNA Ligation Reactions

In molecular biology, ligation refers to the joining of two DNA fragments through the formation of a phosphodiester bond.  An enzyme known as a ligase ...

Restriction Enzyme Digests

Restriction enzymes or endonucleases recognize and cut DNA at a specific sequence.  These enzymes occur naturally in bacteria as a defense against ...

DNA Isolation

DNA isolation protocols can be fast and straightforward or complex and time-consuming depending on the type and quality of DNA required for further ...

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called ...

DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique commonly used to separate DNA fragments by size. However, it can also be used to isolate and purify ...

DNA Gel Electrophoresis

DNA gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the detection and separation of DNA molecules. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix comprised of ...

Separating Protein with SDS-PAGE

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, or SDS-PAGE, is a widely-used technique for separating mixtures of proteins based on their ...

Plasmid Purification

Plasmid purification is a technique used to isolate and purify plasmid DNA from genomic DNA, proteins, ribosomes, and the bacterial cell wall. A plasmid ...

Gel Purification

Gel purification is used to recover DNA fragments after electrophoretic separation. DNA recovery from an agarose gel includes three basic steps: binding, ...

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction

Real Time RT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target ...

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known ...

PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction

The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a technique used to amplify DNA through thermocycling &#8211; cyles of temperature changes at fixed time ...

bacterial-transformation-the-heat-shock-method

Bacterial Transformation: The Heat Shock Method

Transformation is the process that occurs when a cell ingests foreign DNA from its surroundings. Transformation can occur in nature in certain types of ...

Bacterial Transformation: Electroporation

The term &#x201C;transformation&#x201D; refers cellular ingestion of foreign DNA.  In nature, transformation can occur in certain types of bacteria.  In ...

An Introduction to Transfection

Transfection is the process of inserting genetic material, such as DNA and double stranded RNA, into mammalian cells. The insertion of DNA into a cell ...

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize ...

Southern Blot

Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside ...

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in ...

An Overview of Gene Expression

Gene expression is the complex process where a cell uses its genetic information to make functional products. This process is regulated at multiple ...

Expression Profiling with Microarrays

Microarrays are important tools for profiling gene expression, and are based on complementary binding between probes that are attached to glass chips and ...

Complementary DNA

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in ...

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at ...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their ...

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or ...

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the ...

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, ...

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base ...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences ...

The ELISA Method

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is typically performed to detect the presence and/or amount of a target protein of interest within an ...

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically ...

Transgenic Organisms

Gene Therapy

Reproductive Cloning

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. ...

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of&#160;protein-coding gene&#160;that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually ...

In-situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled ...

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
EXPLANATION: The goal is to help students appreciate that the basic science knowledge being studied can be manipulated and used to design useful tools for further scientific investigations, medical treatments, agricultural yields, etc. A detailed understanding of any technical procedures is not expected, but rather a "big picture" view of concepts the technology utilizes and the applications the technology is being used for. These technologies may be best investigated along with the standards from LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structure and Functions, as the students are learning about DNA and protein. Comparative DNA and protein sequence analysis is also a large part of current phylogenic research and could accompany LS4 Biological Change: Unity and Diversity. Students may also consider the pros and cons of biotechnical applications. Investigation of techniques utilized could come from field trips to witness the use of these techniques in practice, lab exercises, virtual labs, simulation activities, interviews with professionals, etc. Molecular techniques could include: PCR, electrophoresis, restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA sequencing, plasmid-based transformation, transfection, etc. These techniques are used in fields of medicine, agriculture, biomedical engineering, forensic science, etc.

BIO1.ETS2.1

Karyotyping

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, R&#252;ckert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the ...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in ...

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions ...

Heterochromatin

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 ...

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome&#160;found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human ...

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined ...

Investigate means by which karyotypes are utilized in diagnostic medicine.
EXPLANATION: Engineers incorporate growing scientific knowledge in order to increase benefits to humans and decrease cost and risks. Karyotyping technology and its use in medical diagnosis can complement the standards from LS3: Hereditary: Inheritance, and Variation of Traits, as the students are learning about chromosomal organization of genomic information that determines one's phenotype. Analyze a large set of karyotypes to identify common patterns. Identify variations from the most commonly observed patterns and correlate them with patient phenotypes to propose a cause and effect relationship, discussing limitations of correlative data interpretation.

BIO1.ETS2.2

Whole Body Regeneration

Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or&#160;body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to ...

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients ...

stem-cell-therapy-for-tissue-regeneration

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to&#160;damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the ...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state ...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell&#8217;s original ...

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the ...

An Introduction to Stem Cell Biology

Cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, known as stem cells, are at the center of one of the most exciting fields of science today. ...

embryonic-stem-cell-culture-and-differentiation

Embryonic Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

Culturing embryonic stem (ES) cells requires conditions that maintain these cells in an undifferentiated state to preserve their capacity for self-renewal ...

Induced Pluripotency

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to form undifferentiated stem cells. Like embryonic stem ...

An Introduction to Organogenesis

Organogenesis is the process by which organs arise from one of three germ layers during the later stages of embryonic development. Researchers studying ...

tissue-regeneration-with-somatic-stem-cells

Tissue Regeneration with Somatic Stem Cells

Somatic or adult stem cells, like embryonic stem cells, are capable of self-renewal but demonstrate a restricted differentiation potential. Nonetheless, ...

Analyze scientific and ethical arguments to support the pros and cons of applications of a specific biotechnology technique such as stem cell usage, in vitro fertilization, or genetically modified organisms.
EXPLANATION: The utilization of new technologies in any field of science is dependent on both economic and social factors. In addition to evaluating these factors, scientists must also consider long-term consequences that may not be initially apparent. The emphasis should be on the construction of a rationale argument that supports a position on the use of an application with ethical and social impact. Students should begin to appreciate the differences in ethical values that exist, and recognize that discussion of these values is imperative as knowledge and technology continue to advance, even when resolutions of differences can be rare. After investigation of a specific biotechnology application, students can write a position paper and/or participate in a classroom debate.

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards