Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

Das Nervensystem ermöglicht es einer Person, die Außenwelt wahrzunehmen und entsprechende Reaktionen darauf zu entwickeln.
 Darüber hinaus werden Funktionen gesteuert, die von der Atmung bis zum fortgeschrittenen Denken reichen.
 Dieses System ist in zwei Teile unterteilt: das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS), welches das Gehirn und das Rückenmark enthält und das periphere Nervensystem (PNS), welches die Nerven umfasst, die sich zwischen dem ZNS und dem Rest des Körpers bewegen.
 Das Gehirn ist in Bereiche unterteilt, die unterschiedliche Funktionen haben, z.
 B.
 die Verarbeitung visueller Informationen oder die Koordinierung von Bewegungen.
 Es ist aber auch eng miteinander verbunden, was die Integration von Informationen ermöglicht.
 Wie der Rest des Nervensystems besteht das Gehirn aus Neuronen, Zellen, die Neurosignale erzeugen und übertragen und Glia, Zellen, die die neurale Funktion unterstützen.
 Unterhalb des Gehirns liegt das Rückenmark, das ZNS-Gewebe, das sich über den Wirbelkanal erstreckt.
 Es erleichtert die Signalübertragung zwischen Gehirn und PNS und steuert auch einige Grundfunktionen wie Reflexe.
 Im PNS senden Nerven, Bündel neuronaler Axone, Anweisungen an die Skelettmuskulatur, um die Bewegung zu steuern, und an die inneren Organe, um autonome Funktionen wie die Verdauung zu regulieren.
 Nerven tragen auch sensorische Informationen von Rezeptorzellen wie denjenigen in der Haut, die Berührungen für das ZNS zur Analyse erkennen.

Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence C. Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara und S. Mark Williams. "Neuronale Systeme." Neurowissenschaften. 2. Auflage, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

was ist das nervensystem?

<h4>Überblick</h4>
 
 Das Nervensystem ist eine Ansammlung von spezialisierten Zellen, die verantwortlich für die Aufrechterhaltung der inneren Gegebenheiten sowie der Koordination der Interaktion eines Organismus mit der Außenwelt. Das reicht von der Kontrolle der essenziellen Funktionen wie des Herzschlags und der Atmung bis hin zur Bewegung, die notwendig ist, um Gefahren zu entgehen.
 
 <h4>Teile des Nervensystems</h4>
 
 Das Nervensystem der Wirbeltiere ist in zwei Hauptteile gegliedert: das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS) und das periphere Nervensystem (PNS). Das ZNS umfasst das Gehirn, das Rückenmark und die Retina. Das ist das sensorische Gewebe des visuellen Systems. Das PNS enthält die Sinnesrezeptorzellen für alle anderen sensorischen Systeme. Dazu gehören die Berührungsrezeptoren in der Haut, sowie die Nerven, die Informationen zwischen dem ZNS und dem Rest des Körpers transportieren. Zusätzlich tragen sowohl ein Teil des ZNS als auch des PNS zum autonomen Nervensystem (auch als viszerale Motorik bekannt) bei. Das autonome Nervensystem steuert die glatte Muskulatur, die Herzmuskeln und Drüsen, die unkontrollierte Aktionen wie die Verdauung steuern.
 
 Das Gehirn der Wirbeltiere ist grundsätzlich in Großhirn, Kleinhirn und Hirnstamm unterteilt. Das Großhirn ist der größte, vordere Teil des Gehirns. Er ist in die linke und rechte Hemisphäre unterteilt. Jede Hemisphäre ist weiter in vier Lappen unterteilt: frontal, parietal, okzipital und temporal. Die äußerste Schicht des Großhirns wird als Kortex bezeichnet. Er ist an der Verarbeitung komplexer sensorischer Informationen und der meisten kognitiven Funktionen beteiligt. Tief im Inneren des Gehirns liegen weitere kritische Komponenten. Darunter fallen der Hippocampus, der Hypothalamus, der Thalamus und die Basalganglien. Das Kleinhirn befindet sich hinter und unter dem Großhirn und ist für die Koordination der Muskelbewegungen verantwortlich. Der Hirnstamm verbindet das Gehirn mit dem Rückenmark und verfügt über wichtige Zentren für Vitalfunktionen wie Atmung und Schlucken.
 
 Das Rückenmark liegt unterhalb des Gehirns und ist mit dem Hirnstamm verbunden. Es enthält neuronale Zellkörper und Bündel von Axonen, die das Gehirn und verschiedene Körperteile verbinden. Das Rückenmark ist nicht nur ein kritischer Informationskanal, sondern kann auch einige Funktionen ohne Input vom Gehirn ausführen, wie die Fortbewegung und andere Reflexe. Die Nerven des PNS leiten motorische Befehle vom ZNS zu den Muskeln und sensorische Informationen von den Rezeptorzellen zur Verarbeitung an das ZNS weiter. Neben der Bewegung der Skelettmuskulatur regulieren die Nerven die Aktivität der inneren Organe wie Lunge und Darm durch die sympathische und parasympathische Abteilung des autonomen Nervensystems.
 
 <h4>Die Zellen des Nervensystems</h4>
 
 Das Nervensystem besteht aus zwei Hauptzelltypen: Neuronen und Gliazellen. Neuronen sind die "Schaltzentralen" des ZNS. Sie sind dafür verantwortlich, miteinander zu kommunizieren und Informationen vom Nervensystem zum Rest des Körpers hin und her zu transportieren. Man schätzt, dass das menschliche Gehirn etwa 100 Milliarden Neuronen und erstaunliche 100 Billionen Verbindungen zwischen ihnen enthält. Sie kommen in vielen verschiedenen Morphologien vor und erfüllen eine Vielzahl von Funktionen. Die Neuronen nutzen eine Reihe von Neurochemikalien und Ionen, um an Knotenpunkten, den so genannten Synapsen, miteinander zu kommunizieren.
 
 Der andere Typ von Zellen des Nervensystems ist Teil einer Gruppe, welche Gliazellen genannt werden. Sie umfassen eine vielfältige Gruppe an Zellen, die zur Funktion von Nervenzellen beitragen und ungefähr in gleicher Anzahl wie die Neuronen im Gehirn sind. Zu den Haupttypen von Gliazellen gehören Astrozyten, Mikroglia, Oligodendrozyten und Ependymzellen im ZNS. Schwann-Zellen und Satellitenzellen findet man im PNS.
 
 <h4>Die psychische Gesundheit als globales Anliegen</h4>
 
 Das Nervensystem steuert praktisch jede Erfahrung, die wir erleben. Seine Störung, durch Traumas, Krankheiten, Fehler in der Genetik oder der Exposition gegenüber schädlichen Chemikalien, kann schwerwiegende Auswirkungen auf Gesundheit und Lebensqualität haben. Die psychischen Gesundheitszustände, die auf solche Auswirkungen zurückzuführen sind, kommen auf der ganzen Welt bemerkenswert häufig vor. Die Verbesserung unseres Verständnisses von neurologische Krankheiten und neurologischen Entwicklungskrankheiten bietet vielen Menschen, die an psychischen Erkrankungen leiden, potenzielle Behandlungen und Therapeutika. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (W.H.O.) und das National Institutes of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.) in den USA stellen neben anderen Organisationen wertvolle Ressourcen zur Verfügung, um sowohl diese Erkrankungen zu untersuchen als auch ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft zu verfolgen.

Was ist das Nervensystem?

Überblick

Das Nervensystem ist die Ansammlung spezialisierter Zellen, die für die Aufrechterhaltung der inneren Umgebung eines Organismus und die Koordination ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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Cell Diversity

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Cytoplasm

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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Overview of Human Digestion

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

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What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

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The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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Measuring Blood Pressure
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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

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Blood Withdrawal I

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Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

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What is the Immune System?

Overview

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Bone Remodeling

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Spermatogenesis

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Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

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Nervous System Parts and Control

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