Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

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from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Das parasympathische Nervensystem stellt den Körper in ruhigen Zeiten ohne Bedrohung wieder her und wird oft als Ruhe- und Verdauungssystem bezeichnet.
 Es ist eine der Hauptbereiche des autonomen Nervensystems, welches unwillkürliche Funktionen steuert, indem es die Aktivität der glatten Muskulatur in den viszeralen Organen, den Herzmuskeln und bestimmten Drüsen, wie den Speicheldrüsen, reguliert.
 Wenn das parasympathische Nervensystem aktiviert ist, werden Signale von präganglionären Neuronen im Hirnstamm und im sakralen Teil des Rückenmarks an die Ganglien gesendet, wobei Cluster von neuronalen Zellkörpern im peripheren Nervensystem in der Nähe der Organe oder Drüsen kontrolliert werden.
 Hier wird die Nachricht an postganglionäre Neuronen übertragen, die typischerweise den Neurotransmitter Acetylcholin verwenden, um die Aktivität von Zielgeweben zu regulieren.
 Zum Beispiel senken sie die Herzfrequenz, entspannen den Körper und stimulieren die Muskelkontraktion im Darm und in der Blase, was die Verdauung und Ausscheidung fördert.
 Infolgedessen hilft das parasympathische System beim Wiederaufbau von Energiespeichern und bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Homöostase zu Zeiten, in denen der Körper sich ausruhen kann.

Stewart, Julian M. "Häufige Syndrome der orthostatischen Intoleranz." Pädiatrie 131, Nr. 5 (Mai 2013): 968–80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

das parasympathische nervensystem

<h4>Überblick</h4>
 
 Der Parasympathikus ist einer der beiden Hauptbereiche des autonomen Nervensystems. Der Parasympathikus ist für die Regulierung vieler unbewusster Körperfunktionen wie Herzschlag und Verdauung zuständig. Er besteht aus Neuronen, die sich sowohl im Gehirn als auch im peripheren Nervensystem befinden und deren Axone bestimmte Muskeln, Organen und Drüsen durchziehen.
 
 <h4>Das “Ruhenerv” </h4>
 
 Die Aktivierung des Parasympathikus hat eine entspannende Wirkung auf den Körper und fördert Funktionen, welche die Ressourcen auffüllen und die Homöostase wiederherstellen. Daher wird er manchmal auch als “Ruhenerv” bezeichnet. Das parasympathische System ist in ruhigen Zeiten vorherrschend, wenn der Organismus sich in einem geschützten Zustand befindet und seine Ressourcen der grundlegenden Aufrechterhaltung des Haushalts zur Verfügung stellen kann, ohne der Gefahr eines Angriffs oder Schadens ausgesetzt zu sein.
 
 <h4>Die Kontrolle des Parasympathikus-Systems</h4>
 
 Der Parasympathikus kann von verschiedenen Teilen des Gehirns, einschließlich des Hypothalamus, aktiviert werden. Präganglionäre Neuronen im Hirnstamm und im sakralen Teil des Rückenmarks senden ihre Axone zuerst zu den Ganglien. Das sind Cluster neuronaler Zellkörper im peripheren Nervensystem. Diese Ganglien enthalten die Verbindungen zwischen den prä -und postganglionären Neuronen und befinden sich in der Nähe der Organe oder Drüsen, die sie kontrollieren. Von hier aus senden die postganglionären Neuronen ihre Axone ins Zielgewebe. Diese befinden sich im Allgemeinen in der glatten Muskulatur, dem Herzmuskel oder in Drüsen. Typischerweise wird der Neurotransmitter Acetylcholin verwendet, um die Aktivität dieser Ziele zu regulieren.
 
 Die Aktivierung des Parasympathikus bewirkt eine Vielzahl von Effekten auf den Körper. Die Aktivierung des Parasympathikus senkt den Herzschlag und führt zu einer Verengung der Pupillen, wodurch der Körper in einen entspannten Zustand versetzt wird. Außerdem stimuliert er die Verdauung und die Ausscheidung. Dies geschieht z.B. durch die Förderung des Speichelflusses, der peristaltischen Kontraktionen im Magen und Darm und die Kontraktion der Blase zur Ausscheidung von Urin. Der Parasympathikus hilft beim Auffüllen der Energiespeicher, indem er die Bauchspeicheldrüse dazu bringt, mehr Insulin abzusondern. Schließlich fördert er sogar die Fortpflanzung, indem er die Durchblutung der Genitalien erhöht.
 
 <h4>Aufstehen</h4>
 
 Die Kontrolle des Herzschlags und des Blutflusses ist auch für alltägliche Aufgaben wie das Aufstehen unerlässlich. Menschen, die an orthostatische Dysregulation (OI) leiden, können durch den einfachen Akt des Aufstehens, die Orthostase-Reaktion, chronische Schwindelanfälle und Ohnmachtsanfälle erleben. Das autonome Nervensystem steuert die notwendigen Veränderungen der Gefäße und des Herzschlags, wenn wir uns in Orthostase begeben. Insbesondere ist der Parasympathikus für die Signale verantwortlich, die die Vasodilatation—die Entspannung der Muskeln, die die Blutgefäße auskleiden—der Hirnarterien erlauben. Falsche Signale des Parasympathikus können zu dem Verlust des Bewusstseins durch unzureichende Durchblutung des Gehirns führen.

Das parasympathische Nervensystem

Überblick

Der Parasympathikus ist eine der beiden Hauptabteilungen des vegetativen Nervensystems. Dieses parasympathische System ist verantwortlich für die ...

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rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

what is a nervous system?

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The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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