Name: sympathetic stress response and body changes
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Das sympathische Nervensystem bereitet den Körper zur Handlungsfähigkeit vor während der in Zeiten von Bedrohung, Stress oder Aufregung, u.
 a.
 zur Aktivierung der "Flucht-oder-Kampf"-Reaktion.
 Es ist eine der Hauptbereiche des autonomen Nervensystems, welches unwillkürliche Funktionen durch die Regulierung glatter Muskel in den viszeralen Organen, Herzmuskeln und bestimmter Drüsen, etwa nämlich Schweißdrüsen.
 Wenn das sympathische Nervensystem aktiviert wird, senden präganglionale Neuronen im thorakalen und lumbalen Rückenmark Signale an das periphere Nervensystem.
 Einige senden ihre Signale an eine Kette von Ganglien, Gruppen von neuronalen Zellkörpern, die an der Seite der Wirbelsäule entlang verlaufen.
 Von hier aus übertragen postganglionale Neuronen das Signal an das Zielgewebe, was zu Reaktionen wie erhöhter Herzfrequenz und Verengung der Blutgefäße führt und mehr Blut in die Muskeln bringt.
 Andere präganglionale Neuronen senden Signale an postganglionäre Neuronen in Ganglien in der Nähe ihrer Zielorgane, wo sie Effekte haben, wie z.
 B.
 die Verdauung im Magen und die Ausscheidung aus der Blase, Prozesse, denen bei Stress nur eine geringe Priorität eingeräumt wird.
 Eine dritte Gruppe präganglionischer Neuronen wandert direkt zur Nebenniere und stimuliert dort die Produktion von Hormonen, nämlich etwa Epinephrin, die die Stressreaktion im gesamten Körper regulieren.

McEwen, Bruce S. und John H. Morrison. "Gehirn bei Stress: Verwundbarkeit und Plastizität des präfrontalen Kortex im Laufe des Lebens." Neuron 79, Nr. 1 (10. Juli 2013): 16–29. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028" target="__blank">Quelltext</a>]

das sympathische nervensystem

<h4>Überblick</h4>
 
 Das sympathische Nervensystem stellt eines der beiden Hauptbereiche des autonomen Nervensystems dar und wird besonders in Zeiten von Stress aktiviert. Es bereitet den Körper auf die Herausforderungen eines anstrengenden Umstandes vor, während es gleichzeitig die essentiellen Körperfunktionen wie die Verdauung hemmt, da diese in dem Moment eine geringere Priorität haben.
 
 <h4>Die Kampf-oder-Flucht-Reaktion</h4>
 
 Als Schüler haben Sie vielleicht schon einmal erfahren, wie es sich anfüllt in die Klasse zu kommen und von einem unerwarteten Test mit dem Sie nicht gerechnet haben überrascht zu werden. Im Moment der Erkenntnis spürten Sie vielleicht, wie sich Ihr Bauch verkrampft, Ihr Mund trocken wird und Ihr Herz plötzlich zu rasen beginnt. Das sind Zeichen dafür, dass das sympathische System die Kontrolle übernommen hat, um sich so auf eine Reaktion vorzubereiten. Auch wenn Sie nicht in unmittelbarer Gefahr sind, hat sich das System so entwickelt, dass es die unmittelbare Reaktion auf Stress oder Bedrohungen erleichtert. Blut wird vom Verdauungssystem und der Haut weggeleitet, um die Energieversorgung der Muskeln zu erhöhen. Darüber hinaus erhöhen sich die Herzfrequenz und der Blutfluss. Die Pupillen erweitern sich, um die visuelle Wahrnehmung zu maximieren. Gleichzeitig gibt die Nebenniere Adrenalin in den Blutkreislauf ab. Ihr Körper ist nun bereit, Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, wie zum Beispiel schnell vor der Gefahr zu fliehen, oder um jegliche Art von Bedrohung zu bekämpfen.
 
 <h4>Die Kontrolle des sympathischen Systems</h4>
 
 Das sympathische Nervensystem kann von verschiedenen Teilen des Gehirns aktiviert werden. Der Hypothalamus spielt dabei jedoch eine besonders bedeutende Rolle. Sympathische Signale des Zentralnervensystems werden von den präganglionären Neuronen im thorakalen und lumbalen Teil des Rückenmarks an das periphere Nervensystem gesendet. Dort entfalten sie ihre endgültige Wirkung durch drei Hauptwege.
 
 Der erste Signalweg beinhaltet präganglionäre Neuronen, die sich mit einer nahegelegenen Reihe von Ganglien, das sind Anhäufungen von Zellkörpern, verbinden. Diese verlaufen auf beiden Seiten der Spinalröhre und wird oft als die sympathische Kette bezeichnet. Hier aktiviert das Signal postganglionäre Neuronen, die dann Zielorganen oder Drüsen innervieren und deren Funktionen regulieren. Zu ihren Auswirkungen gehören die Erweiterung der Pupillen, wobei mehr Licht in die Augen gelassen wird; die Entspannung der Atemwege, wobei dem Körper mehr Sauerstoff zugeführt wird, die Blutgefäße verengen sich und die Herzfrequenz steigt, wodurch mehr Blut in die Muskulatur geleitet wird.
 
 Im zweiten Signalweg senden präganglionäre Neuronen Signale an Ganglien, die weiter vom Rückenmark entfernt sind und sich näher bei den Zielorganen befinden. Hier aktivieren sie postganglionäre Neuronen, die die Aktivität von Organen wie Magen, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Leber, Darm, Blase und Geschlechtsorganen steuern. Zu den Auswirkungen dieses Weges gehören die Hemmung der Verdauung und des Urinierens sowie die Stimulation von Orgasmen.
 
 Im dritten Signalweg involviert eine kleine Gruppe von präganglionären Neuronen die sich vom Rückenmark direkt zur Nebenniere erstrecken, wo sie die Sekretion der Hormone Adrenalin und Noradrenalin in den Blutkreislauf stimulieren—und dabei hilft, die Stressreaktion im gesamten Körper zu verbreiten.
 
 <h4>Chronischer Stress</h4>
 
 Das sympathische Nervensystem hat sich so entwickelt, dass Tiere auf bestmögliche Weise auf plötzliche Bedrohungen wie die Begegnung mit einem Raubtier oder Rivalen reagieren können. Obwohl der Mensch die meisten dieser primitiven Ängste hinter sich gelassen hat, reagiert das sympathische System des Körpers genauso auf Stresssituationen wie beispielsweise die Begegnung mit einer wilden Savannenkatze. Dabei werden die Hormone Epinephrin (Adrenalin) und Cortisol ausgeschüttet.
 
 Unter normalen Bedingungen wird das System kurzzeitig aktiviert und die Hormone zirkulieren nicht lange im Kreislaufsystem. Moderne Stressfaktoren in unserem täglichen Leben können dieses System jedoch überaktivieren und den Körper für längere Zeiträume diesen Hormonen aussetzen, welches verheerende Auswirkungen haben. Dazu gehören Angstzustände, Depressionen, Herzkrankheiten, Gewichtszunahme und Schlafstörungen. Die Anforderungen des Universitätslebens können herausfordernd sein, daher ist es entscheidend, ein gesundes Stressmanagement zu entwickeln. Einige Strategien zur Stressbewältigung umfassen eine gesunde Ernährung, ausreichender Schlaf, die Aufrechterhaltung sozialer Beziehungen und die Inanspruchnahme professioneller Beratung, wenn dies notwendig ist.

Das sympathische Nervensystem

Überblick

Der Sympathikus – eine der beiden Hauptabteilungen des autonomen Nervensystems – wird in Zeiten von Stress aktiviert. Es...

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sympathetic stress response and body changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold.

This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system and skin and sends more energy to muscles. It also raises heart rate and blood flow, and it dilates the pupils to improve vision. At the same time, the adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the blood. The body is then ready to flee or fight.

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by parts of the brain, especially the hypothalamus. Its signals start in preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and then travel through the peripheral nervous system. These signals follow three main pathways to reach organs and glands.

In the first pathway, preganglionic neurons connect to a nearby chain of ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies along each side of the spinal column. This chain is often called the sympathetic chain. The signal then activates postganglionic neurons, which act on target organs and glands. Their effects include pupil dilation, airway relaxation for more oxygen, and blood vessel constriction with a faster heart rate to move more blood to muscles.

In the second pathway, preganglionic neurons send signals to ganglia that are farther from the spinal cord and closer to the target organs. These postganglionic neurons control organs such as the stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines, bladder, and genitals. Their effects include slowing digestion and urination, and they can also stimulate orgasms.

In the third pathway, a small group of preganglionic neurons goes directly from the spinal cord to the adrenal gland. This triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These hormones help spread the stress response through the body.

The sympathetic nervous system evolved to help animals handle immediate threats, such as a predator or rival. Humans still use the same response during stressful events, and it can involve epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and cortisol. Under normal conditions, this reaction is brief. But modern stress can keep the system active for too long, which may lead to anxiety, depression, heart disease, weight gain, and sleep disorders. Healthy stress management can include good food, enough sleep, social support, and professional counseling when needed.

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

sympathetic-stress-response-and-body-changes

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the sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how the sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight body changes, from pupil dilation and faster heart rate to adrenal hormone release and stress control.

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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