Name: human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is the Skeletal System?

Das menschliche Skelett besteht aus Knochen, die nicht nur ein starres Gerüst bilden, und dem Körper Form verleihen, sondern auch Bewegung ermöglichen, da sie über Sehnen an den Muskeln befestigt sind.
 Eine der Hauptunterteilungen, das Axialskelett, ist um die Mittelachse des Körpers angeordnet.
 Während sich in diesem Abschnitt des Oberkörpers eine Reihe von Knochen befinden, einschließlich der Gehörknöchelchen des Mittelohrs, schützen die Meisten lebenswichtigen Organe vor Beschädigung.
 Zum Beispiel umgibt der Schädel das Gehirn und die Wirbelsäule wölbt sich um das Rückenmark und schirmt das Zentralnervensystem ab.
 Andere Organe wie Herz und Lunge werden durch Brustbein und Brustkorb geschützt.
 Die andere Abteilung, das Appendikularskelett, besteht aus Knochen, die die Appendel, die Hände und Arme sowie die Füße und Beine sowie die Brust- und Beckengürtel stützen und bewegen.

Kling, Juliana M., Bart L. Clarke und Nicole P. Sandhu. "Prävention, Screening und Behandlung von Osteoporose: Ein Überblick." Zeitschrift für Frauengesundheit 23, Nr. 7 (1. Juli 2014): 563–72. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

Akkawi, Ibrahim und Hassan Zmerly. "Osteoporose: Aktuelle Konzepte." Gelenke 6, Nr. 2 (14. Juni 2018): 122–27. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790" target="__blank">Quelle</a>]

was ist das skelettsystem?

<h4>Überblick</h4>
 
 Das Skelett des erwachsenen Menschen besteht aus insgesamt 206 Knochen. Diese sind durch Knorpel, Sehnen und Bänder miteinander verbunden. Das Skelett bildet ein starres Gerüst für den menschlichen Körper, schützt die inneren Organe und ermöglicht Bewegung und Fortbewegung. Das menschliche Skelettsystem besteht aus dem axialem Skelett und dem appendikulärem Skelett (Appendikularskelett). Das Knochengewebe wird kontinuierlich aufgebaut und von spezialisierten Knochenzellen abgebaut, welche unerlässlich für die allgemeine Gesundheit sind. Deregulierte Knochenzellen und falsche Konzentrationsmengen von chemischen Verbindungen im Blut können zu Knochenerkrankungen führen.
 
 <h4>Das axiale Skelett</h4>
 
 Das axiale Skelett besteht aus 80 Knochen und ist in drei Regionen unterteilt: den Schädel, die Wirbelsäule und den Brustkorb. Der obere Teil des Schädels, das Cranium, besteht aus acht Knochen, die das Gehirn umschließen, während der untere Teil aus 14 Knochen besteht. Die Wirbelsäule besteht aus 33 Wirbeln. Dazu gehören sieben Halswirbel, 12 Brustwirbel, fünf Lendenwirbel, fünf verschmolzene Kreuzbeinwirbel und vier verschmolzene Steißbeinwirbel.
 
 Der Brustkorb verleiht der Wirbelsäule Stabilität und schützt auch die Lunge und das Herz. Er besteht aus 12 Rippenpaaren, die über das kostovertebrale Gelenk an den Brustwirbelkörper anschließen. Der vordere Teil des Brustkorbs ist über die Rippenknorpel mit dem Brustbein verbunden. Das Brustbein ist der flache Knochen in der Mitte der Vorderseite des Brustkorbs. Die ersten sieben Rippen auf jeder Seite werden als echte Rippen bezeichnet, da ihre Knorpel direkt mit dem Brustbein verbunden sind. Die Rippen acht bis 12 werden als falsche Rippen bezeichnet, da sie nicht direkt am Brustbein ansetzen. Die Rippen acht bis 10 verbinden sich jedoch durch die Rippenknorpel der darüber liegenden Rippen mit dem Brustbein. Im Gegensatz dazu werden die Rippen 11 und 12 als schwebende Rippen bezeichnet, da sie nur im Rücken an der Wirbelsäule befestigt sind, jedoch keinerlei Verbindung zum Brustbein aufweisen.
 
 <h4>Appendikularskelett</h4>
 
 Das Appendikularskelettsystem besteht aus den 126 Knochen der Gliedmaßen und Gürtel, die an das axiale Skelett angehängt sind. Es besteht aus mehreren verschiedenen Knochentypen.
 
 <h4>Knochengewebe und Zellen</h4>
 
 Knochen werden auch als Knochengewebe bezeichnet. Die Zellen des Knochengewebes befinden sich in der Knochenmatrix, das ist die Substanz, die den Knochen Festigkeit und Härte verleiht. Die Knochenmatrix besteht aus organischen Komponenten. Dazu gehören hauptsächlich Kollagen und anorganische Komponente, die aus kristallisierten Mineralsalzen wie Kalziumphosphat, Kalziumhydroxid und Magnesiumfluorid bestehen.
 
 Es gibt drei Haupttypen der Knochenzellen, dazu gehören die Osteoblasten, Osteoklasten und Osteozyten. Die Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten haben entgegengesetzte Funktionen. Die Osteoblasten bauen die Knochenmatrix auf, während die Osteoklasten sie abbauen. Beide Funktionen werden ein Leben lang durchgeführt, und beide sind für eine gute Gesundheit notwendig. Der Knochenaufbau ist wichtig, um die Knochen stark zu halten; der Knochenabbau ermöglicht die Aufrechterhaltung des Kalziumspiegels im Blutkreislauf (was für die Gesundheit anderer Organe, wie z.B. des Herzens, erforderlich ist).
 
 Osteozyten sind Zellen, die aus Osteoblasten entstehen und schließlich von der Knochenmatrix umgeben sind. Die Osteozyten kommunizieren mit dem Blut durch mikroskopische Kanäle im Knochen und messen den Gehalt an Kalzium und anderen Mineralien im Blut. Sie kontrollieren dann die Funktionen der Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten, indem sie Substanzen absondern, die die Aktivität dieser Zellen steuern.
 
 <h4>Knochenkrankheiten</h4>
 
 Viele Krankheiten des Skelettsystems haben eine Gemeinsamkeit: schwache Knochen aufgrund einer schlechten Mineralstoffversorgung. Osteoporose zum Beispiel ist durch eine geringe Knochenmineraldichte gekennzeichnet. Sie tritt am häufigsten bei Frauen in der Postmenopause auf, kann aber auch bei Männern und Frauen vor der Menopause auftreten. Bei dieser Krankheit sind Osteoklasten deutlich aktiver als Osteoblasten. Bei Patienten mit Osteoporose besteht ein stark erhöhtes Risiko für Frakturen, insbesondere der Wirbelsäule, der Hüfte und der Handgelenke.
 
 Eine andere weit verbreitete Knochenkrankheit ist die renale Osteodystrophie. Diese Krankheit ist Teil einer größeren Erkrankung, die als Mineral- und Knochenstörung bei chronischen Nierenerkrankungen bekannt ist. Die Nieren erfüllen viele Funktionen, einschließlich der Regulierung von Kalzium, Phosphor und Vitamin D, die alle für die Knochengesundheit entscheidend sind. Wenn die Nieren nicht richtig funktionieren, wie bei einer diabetischen Nierenerkrankung, können die Knochen geschwächt und schmerzhaft werden, und die Gelenke können ebenfalls Schmerzen verursachen.

Was ist das Skelettsystem?

Überblick

Das erwachsene menschliche Skelett besteht aus 206 Knochen, die durch Knorpel, Sehnen und Bänder miteinander verbunden sind. Das Skelett bietet eine starre ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull has 14 bones. The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae. These include seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five fused sacral, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The rib cage adds stability to the vertebral column and protects the lungs and heart. It has 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The front of the rib cage connects to the sternum, the flat bone in the center of the chest, through costal cartilages. The first seven ribs are true ribs because their cartilages attach directly to the sternum. Ribs eight through 12 are false ribs. Ribs eight through 10 connect to the sternum through the cartilages of the ribs above them, while ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. Its cells sit in a matrix, which is the material that gives bone strength and hardness. The matrix contains organic material, mainly collagen, and inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium fluoride.

Bone cells have different jobs. Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break it down. Both actions continue throughout life and are important for health. Building bone helps keep bones strong. Breaking down bone helps maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, which is important for organs such as the heart. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that come from osteoblasts. They sit inside the matrix and communicate with the blood through tiny channels in bone. They sense calcium and other mineral levels and help control osteoblast and osteoclast activity by releasing substances that affect these cells.

Problems in bone cell balance or mineral levels can lead to bone disease. Osteoporosis is a common example. It is marked by low bone mineral density and more osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity. It occurs most often in postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in men and premenopausal women. People with osteoporosis have a much higher risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist.

Renal osteodystrophy is another widespread bone disease. It is part of mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. The kidneys help regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and these are all needed for bone health. When the kidneys do not work properly, such as in diabetic kidney disease, bones may become weak and painful, and the joints may hurt as well.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

what is the skeletal system?

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore the human skeleton, including axial and appendicular bones, bone cells, and common bone diseases like osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease | JoVE K12

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

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Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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