Name: carbohydrate structure and bonding
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Kohlenhydrate sind Verbindungen, die aus Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff bestehen. Diese Moleküle haben ihren Namen von der Summenformel vieler Monosaccharide, die für jeden Kohlenstoff zwei Wasserstoffatome und ein Sauerstoffatom haben.
Einfache Kohlenhydrate sind Monomere, die Monosaccharide genannt werden, und Dimere, die Disaccharide genannt werden. Komplexe Kohlenhydrate sind Polymere, die als Polysaccharide bezeichnet werden.
Ein Monosaccharid kann nach seiner funktionellen Gruppe als Aldose oder Ketose klassifiziert werden. Diejenigen mit einer Aldehydgruppe werden als Aldosen und diejenigen mit einer Ketongruppe als Ketosen bezeichnet.
Monosaccharide enthalten in der Regel drei bis sieben Kohlenstoffatome in ihren Ketten. Jeder der Kohlenstoffe kann nummeriert werden, beginnend mit der Zahl eins von dem Ende, das dem Carbonylkohlenstoff am nächsten liegt.
Zucker können nicht-planare Ringstrukturen bilden und kommen in der Natur meist in dieser zyklischen Form vor. Ringstrukturen entstehen, wenn die Carbonylgruppe mit einer Hydroxylgruppe am gegenüberliegenden Ende des Moleküls durch eine Kondensationsreaktion reagiert. Der Kohlenstoff, der an den reaktiven Aldehyd oder das Keton gebunden ist, wird auch als anomerer Kohlenstoff bezeichnet.
Diese Kohlenstoff-Sauerstoff-Ringstrukturen können in zwei Anomeren vorliegen: Alpha und Beta. Anomere sind Strukturisomere, die sich in der Konfiguration am Carbonylkohlenstoff unterscheiden. In der Alpha-Form befinden sich die Hydroxylgruppe auf dem anomeren Kohlenstoff und die CH2-OH-Gruppe auf dem letzten Kohlenstoff innerhalb des Rings auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten des Rings, und in der Beta-Form befinden sie sich auf derselben Seite.
Eine ähnliche Namenskonvention wird für Bindungen verwendet, die die Monosaccharide mit anderen Molekülen verbinden. 
Bindungen, die unterhalb der Ringstruktur gebildet werden, werden als Alpha-Bindungen bezeichnet, während Bindungen oberhalb des Rings als Beta-Bindungen bezeichnet werden. Die Zahlen im Namen der glykosidischen Bindungen geben die Kohlenstoffzahlen der Monosaccharide an, die an den Bindungen beteiligt sind.
Wenn sich zwei Monosaccharide durch glykosidische Bindungen miteinander verbinden, bilden sie Disaccharide.
Glykosidische Bindungen sind kovalente Bindungen, die gebildet werden, wenn die Hydroxylgruppe eines Monosaccharids mit dem anomeren Kohlenstoff eines anderen Monosaccharids unter Eliminierung eines Wassermoleküls reagiert.
Polysaccharide oder komplexe Kohlenhydrate sind eine Kette von Monosacchariden, die durch kovalente Bindungen zusammengehalten werden. Eine Variation der in diesen Molekülen vorhandenen glykosidischen Bindungen kann zu verschiedenen Arten von Polysacchariden aus demselben Monosaccharid führen.
Glukosemoleküle, die durch β-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen verbunden sind, bilden Cellulose, ein wasserunlösliches Polysaccharid. Glukosemoleküle, die durch α-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen verbunden sind, bilden Amylose, ein wasserlösliches Polymer und Bestandteil von Stärke. Stärke und Zellulose sind Polysaccharide, die in Pflanzen vorkommen.
Glykogen ist ein wasserunlösliches Molekül aus Glukose, das durch α-1,4-glykosidische Bindungen und intermittierende Verzweigungen durch α-1,6-glykosidische Bindungen verbunden ist. Glykogen dient bei Tieren als Speicherpolysaccharid.

chemie der kohlenhydrate

Kohlenhydrate sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier. Getreide, Obst und Gemüse sind natürliche Kohlenhydratquellen, die den Körper mit Energie versorgen, insbesondere durch Glukose, einen Einfachzucker, der Bestandteil von Stärke und Bestandteil vieler Grundnahrungsmittel ist. Die stöchiometrische Formel (CH2O)n, wobei n die Anzahl der Kohlenstoffe im Molekül ist, stellt Kohlenhydrate dar. Mit anderen Worten: Das Verhältnis von Kohlenstoff zu Wasserstoff zu Sauerstoff beträgt in Kohlenhydratmolekülen 1:2:1. Diese Formel erklärt auch den Ursprung des Begriffs „Kohlenhydrate“: Die Bestandteile sind Kohlenstoff („Carbo“) und Wasser („Hydrat“). Kohlenhydrate können in einfache und komplexe Kohlenhydrate eingeteilt werden. Monosaccharide und Disaccharide sind einfache Kohlenhydrate. Polysaccharide sind komplexe Kohlenhydrate. Monosaccharide Monosaccharide sind einfache Zucker, der häufigste ist Glukose. In Monosacchariden liegt die Anzahl der Kohlenstoffe normalerweise zwischen drei und sieben. Wenn der Zucker eine Aldehydgruppe (die funktionelle Gruppe mit der Struktur R-CHO) hat, ist er eine Aldose, und wenn er eine Ketongruppe hat (die funktionelle Gruppe mit der Struktur RC(=O)R'), ist er eine Ketose. Abhängig von der Anzahl der Kohlenstoffe im Zucker kann es sich um Triosen (drei Kohlenstoffe), Pentosen (fünf Kohlenstoffe) und/oder Hexosen (sechs Kohlenstoffe) handeln. Galaktose und Fruktose sind weitere häufig vorkommende Monosaccharide. Glucose, Galactose und Fructose sind isomere Monosaccharide (Hexosen), das heißt, sie haben die gleiche chemische Formel, aber leicht unterschiedliche Strukturen. Glucose und Galactose sind Aldosen und Fructose ist eine Ketose. Monosaccharide können als lineare Kette oder als ringförmige Moleküle vorliegen. In wässrigen Lösungen liegen sie meist in Ringform vor. Glucose in Ringform kann zwei verschiedene Hydroxylgruppenanordnungen (OH) um den anomeren Kohlenstoff (Kohlenstoff 1, der im Ringbildungsprozess asymmetrisch wird) aufweisen. Befindet sich die Hydroxylgruppe im Zucker unterhalb der Kohlenstoffzahl 1, befindet sie sich in der Alpha-Position (α), befindet sie sich oberhalb der Ebene, befindet sie sich in der Beta-Position (β). <h4>Disaccharide</h4> Disaccharide entstehen, wenn zwei Monosaccharide eine Dehydratisierungsreaktion (oder eine Kondensationsreaktion oder Dehydratisierungssynthese) durchlaufen. Während dieses Prozesses verbindet sich die Hydroxylgruppe eines Monosaccharids mit dem Wasserstoff eines anderen Monosaccharids, wodurch ein Wassermolekül freigesetzt und eine kovalente Bindung gebildet wird. Dies wird als glykosidische Bindung bezeichnet. Glykosidische Bindungen (oder glykosidische Verknüpfungen) können vom Alpha- oder Beta-Typ sein. Eine Alpha-Bindung entsteht, wenn die OH-Gruppe am Kohlenstoff-1 der ersten Glucose unterhalb der Ringebene liegt, und eine Beta-Bindung entsteht, wenn die OH-Gruppe am Kohlenstoff-1 oberhalb der Ringebene liegt. Das häufigste Disaccharid ist Saccharose oder Haushaltszucker, der aus Glukose- und Fruktosemonomeren besteht. <h4>Polysaccharide</h4> Eine lange Kette von Monosacchariden, die durch glykosidische Bindungen verbunden sind, ist ein Polysaccharid. Die Kette kann verzweigt oder unverzweigt sein und verschiedene Arten von Monosacchariden enthalten. Das Molekulargewicht kann je nach Anzahl der verbundenen Monomere 100.000 Dalton oder mehr betragen. Stärke, Glykogen, Zellulose und Chitin sind Beispiele für Polysaccharide. Pflanzen speichern Stärke in Form von Zucker. In Pflanzen besteht eine Mischung aus Amylose und Amylopektin (beides Glukosepolymere) aus diesen Zuckern. Stärke besteht aus Glucosemonomeren, die durch glykosidische α 1-4- oder α 1-6-Bindungen verbunden sind. Die Zahlen 1-4 und 1-6 beziehen sich auf die Kohlenstoffzahl der beiden Reste, die sich zu der Bindung verbunden haben. Glykogen ist die Speicherform von Glukose beim Menschen und anderen Wirbeltieren und besteht aus Glukosemonomeren. Glykogen ist das tierische Äquivalent von Stärke und ein hochverzweigtes Molekül, das normalerweise in Leber- und Muskelzellen gespeichert wird. Wenn der Blutzuckerspiegel sinkt, wird Glykogen abgebaut und Glukose freigesetzt. Zellulose ist das am häufigsten vorkommende natürliche Biopolymer. Zellulose besteht hauptsächlich aus der Zellwand einer Pflanze. Dies sorgt für die strukturelle Unterstützung der Zelle. Holz und Papier bestehen größtenteils aus Zellulose. Glucosemonomere bestehen aus Cellulose, die über β-1-4-glykosidische Bindungen verknüpft sind. Dieser Text wurde angepasst von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-2-carbohydrates">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.4: Carbohydrates.</a>

Chemie der Kohlenhydrate

Kohlenhydrate sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier. Getreide, Obst und Gemüse sind natürliche Kohlenhydratquellen, die ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Biochemie der Zelle

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

carbohydrate structure and bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions.

The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units.

The transcript also highlights how these sugar units connect through chemical bonds. These links change the size and structure of the carbohydrate molecule. That structural change is important because it affects how the molecule behaves in living systems.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

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Explore carbohydrate structure, from monosaccharides to polysaccharides, and see how chemical bonds link sugar units into larger molecules.

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SC.912.L.18.2

Macromolecules

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Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.

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SC.912.L.18.3

Ligand Binding Sites

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SC.912.L.18.4

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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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The Electron Transport Chain

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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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ATP Yield

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Discuss the use of chemiosmotic gradients for ATP production in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

SC.912.L.18.5

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Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society.

SC.912.L.18.6

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

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Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.

SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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